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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter present the description of the research method used in the study. It consists of (1) research design, (2) population, sampling and sample, (3) Research Instrument, (4) Validity and Reliability Testing, (5) Data Collecting Method, (6) Data Analysis
A. Research Design Research design is commonly defined as the way of thinking and doing preparation to complete research and achieve the goal of the research. The writer wants to know whether any correlation between Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and studentās English achievement, so the design use in this study is correlation study.
This research was use quantitative research. According to Aliaga and Gunderson (2002:81), Quantitative research is āExplaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics). In another definition according to Muijs (2004:2) quantitative research is essentially about collecting numerical data to explain a particular phenomenon.
According to Judith Pressie in Cresswell, J. (1998:24) states as follows:
Qualitative research is a loosely defined category of research design or models, all of which elicit verbal, visual, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory data in the form of descriptive narratives like field notes, recordings, or other transcriptions from audio and vidiotapes and other written records and picture or films.
Identification, choosing and problem formulate
Arrange term of thought
Hypothesis formulate
Test-hypothesis in a posteriori manner
Doing working through
Making conclusion
Figure 3.1 Steps by Quantitative Research
B. Population, Sampling and Sample
1. Population
Before the sample was collected, the researcher had to determine the population. According to Sugiono (2010:117) Population is geographic generalization there are : object/subject has quality and certain of characteristic that set by researcher to learning then make the conclusion. The whole of research subject (Arikunto, 1998:115).
The population of this study is the first year students in the 2013- academic year conducted at MAN 1 Tulungagung, Jl. Mastrip Beji, Tulungagung consisting 11 classes. There are about 356 students, 96 male and 260 female as the population.
2. Sampling
In this study, the researcher used purposive sampling to obtain the sample.According to Hadi (1990:75) Sampling adalah cara yang digunakan untuk mengambil sampel, (sampling is the ways of doing to get sample). Sampling was constituted to choose some of individual process in research so they or individual as a voluntary. The purpose of sampling is use some of individual to get information about population. Sampling is the way to take sample.
In this research sampling technique was used to take sample is purposive sampling. According to Arikunto (2010:183), purposive sampling is the process of selecting sample by taking subject that is not based on the level or area, but it is taken based on the specific purpose.
According to Riyanto (2001:81) stated that the technique of research was orientation on choosing sample that population and the purpose was specific from research is knowing by researcher in the very beginning. With purpose sampling the researcher can choose the sample those that representative and get represent of population.
3. Sample
Selection of the sample is very important step in conducting a research study. Sample is a part of population which will to be analyzed. Sample must be representative as one is to be able to generalize with confidence from the sample to population. According to Arikunto (2006:109), a sample must be representative to a population. Based on Ary (2002:163) a sample is a group of a population. It means that good sample must be representative of the entire as possible, so that the generalization of the sample of this research.
According to Sugiono (2010:118) Sampel adalah bagian dari jumlah dan karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh populasi tersebut, (sample is part of number and characteristic those set in the population). Population form a part of population representative population, so if the researcher find information on sample its mean that information was constituted from the sample.
According to Sukardi (2007:54) stated that the important condition to attention in take sample is two kind, they are total of apparently adequate sample and the profile of sample must be representative sample. The total of sample must be choose before doing research. There is abusively how much we can take the
The instrument of this research were tests. According to Ary (2010:201) test is a set of stimuli presented to an individual in order to elicit responses on the basis of which a numerical score can be assigned. The test from researcher is to know the achievement of students. The researcher makes English test for the students that consist fifteen questions in the form multiple choices, twenty nine questions in the form fill the blank and write using own their words.
The writer conducted the field by getting the IQ score from studentsā data and studentsā English score from English test. The studentsā IQ score was taken from the result IQ test and the writer takes this score by studentsā document. the writer needs to get the score so the writer ask to studentsā to copy their data and then the studentsā give the data to the writer. The test held by Pusat Layanan Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. There are five psychology aspect in this intelligence test, they are: ā Intelegensi, Kreativitas, Komitment Terhadap Tugas, Kepribadian, and Minatā.
D. Validity and Reliability Testing According to Ary, (1985:213) research is always dependent upon measurement. There are two important characteristic that every measuring instrument should passes: validity and reliability. Before using these test, a try out to 30 students to find out the validity and reliability of the test.
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- Validity
The validity of an assessment or tool indicates the extent to which it is an adequate measure of the curriculum and objectives it represent. According to Gay in Tanzeh (2009:57) the definition of validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. A common misconception is that a test is, or, is not valid. The researchers get validity from English teacher.
According to Brown in Isnawati (2012:27), there are four types of validity, they are content validity, criterion-related validity, construct validity and face validity. Furthermore, the researcher emphasized on the content validity and construct validity in this research.
Sukardi (2007:115) stated that An instrument so-called valid if the instrument that is to be use can measure what will measurability. The validity of instrument is standard was indicated where is a instrument of test what will measurability.
Content validity is a kind of validity which depends on careful analysis of the language being tested and of the particular test. A test is said to have content validity if its contents constitutes a representative sample of the language skill, structures, etc. being tested. The researcher made this test based on the course objectives in the syllabus of first grade in MAN Tulungagung 1. Therefore, this test is valid in term of content validity.
In this test, the researcher asked student to answer the multiple choice and questions in the form fill the blank and write using own their words test to
- Reliability
According to Howit and Cramer (2000:28) reliability is the extent to which the measure will give the same response under similar circumstances.. In other words, reliability shows a measure of consistency in measuring the same phenomenon..
Sukardi (2007:122) stated that reliability is the level in the test in a consistent manner measure at any test. A research instrument can called reliability the tool was used what to use measure cab used in when and in any time, the result is same. Ary at all (2002:250) states that reliability is concerned with the effect of such random errors of measurement on the consistency of scores.
In this test, the researcher was consultation with English teacher of the studentsā of MAN Tulungagung 1. So there is was not use reliability testing.
E. Normality and Homogeneity
- Normality According Sujianto (2009:77) normality distribution test is a test to measure whether our data has a normal distribution. There is not used normality test.
- Homogeneity Homogeneity testing is intended to make sure that the collected manipulation data in analysis is truly taken from a population which is too different each other. Especially in a study which is predictive, the model which is
used must be appropriate with the composition and its distribution (Sujianto:112). To know the normality, the researcher used One Way Anova with SPSS. The result can be seen in table below.
Table 3.2 Homogeneity Pre-test Using One Way Anova
ANOVA testB Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 372.749 12 31.062 1.155. Within Groups 430.217 16 26. Total 802.966 28
The pretest is called homogeny test if the significant score more than 0.050. Based on the table above that test is homogeneity because 0.386> 0.050.
F. Data Collecting Method The data collecting method is the method to obtain the data in the research. The aim of the data collecting in conducting scientific research was to get material that needed by the research. In this research, the researcher used achievement test. According to Hughes in Isnawati (2012:14) states that the purpose of achievement test is to establish how successful individual students, group of students, or the courses themselves have been in achieving objectives. This test used to measure studentsā achievement
G. Data Analysis According to Prasetyo (2008:184) stated that data analysis constitute of a continuation process from data processing to see how to interpret data, then analysis data from output at hand in processing data result stage. In this research the writer was used quantitative analysis.
Hasan (2006:30) said that Analysis quantitative is analysis that using statistic instruments, the instrument that use models like mathematic model. The result was given in numerical form then was explained and interpret in a descriptively. Analysis data quantitative also called statistic analysis. Statistic analysis is method to organize and analysis data quantitative or data that to need as data quantitative (Tanzeh, 2006:31).
Data analysis is a review of a series of activities, grouping, systematization, interpretation and verification of data so that a phenomenon has social value, academic, and scientific. The data obtained from research result is the result of student test that were analyzed quantitatively. Quantitative analysis was done using statistic which is called statistical analysis or inferential statistic.
The writer used a survey method through correlation technique. She analyzed he research by using Product Moment Correlation to know the result.
According to Sudijono (179:2008) Product Moment Correlation is one of technique that usually used to find out the significance of the correlation between two variables. This technique was published by Karl Pearson, therefore it often called by Person Correlation Technique. It is called Product Moment Correlation
because it is usually used to correlate one variable to another variable based on its correlation coefficient value.
The last step in this chapter is analyzing data. This analysis is to see and to find out whether there is significance correlation between studentsā Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score and their achievement in learning English. And to find out the result of this research, the writer analyzed the data by using Personās Product Moment Correlation, as follow:
r xy = {NāX Nā (āX)āXY ā ( } {NāYāX)(^ ā ā (āY)Y) }
rXY = correlation coefficient between X and Y ā XY^ = sum of cross products of deviation scores of X and Y āā X Y^ = Total score of X= Total score of Y NX = number of respondents= distributions of studentsā IQ score Y = distribution of English score Criteria : If ro > rt means there is correlation and HĪ± is accepted, : If riH o^ is rejected hhghH o o is accepted^ < t^ t^ means there is no correlation and HĪ± is rejected, Ho : there is no correlation between studentsā Intelligence score and hjstudentsā achievement in learning English Ha : there is correlation between studentsā Intelligence score and jgjstudentsā achievement in learning English
