Download Chapter life process-2 and more Study notes Environmental science in PDF only on Docsity!
TRANSPORTATION
Definition- The process of transport or movement of a substance from one part to other part of the body is called transportation. Fluid connective Tissue/ Vascular Connective Tissue (Vascular Means- Contains blood vessels )
- It is the kind of tissue that is responsible for transportation in the animal's body.
- The two kinds of fluid/vascular connective tissues:
- Blood 2) Lymph **Function of component of blood:-
- Blood plasma:-** The fluid part of the blood is called plasma. ►It contains 90% water. ►It transports food, CO₂ and nitrogenous wastes. 2) Red Blood Cells (RBC)- It carries oxygen from lungs to all the cells of the body. 3) White Blood Cells (WBC)- It fights against germs and protects from diseases. 4) Platelets- It helps in blood clotting (blood coagulation). The tubes- Blood vessels:- Blood flows through three types of blood vessels- 1) Artery- moves OXYGENATED blood from heart to body organs (except lungs). 2) Veins - moves DEOXYGENTED blood from different organs (except lungs) to heart.
3) Capillaries- The tiny blood vessels connecting arteries to veins that carry oxygen and nutrients to individual cells. (OR) On reaching an organ or tissue, the artery divides into smaller and smaller vessels to bring the blood in contact with all the individual cells. The smallest vessels have walls which are one-cell thick and are called capillaries. The capillaries then join together to form veins that convey the blood away from the organ or tissue. Capillaries: i) Site of gaseous exchange between blood and cells. V. IMP ii) Site for exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells. Lymph or Tissue fluid ► Lymph is a colourless fluid containing specialised lymphocytes. Lymph = [Blood - (RBC + platelets)] OR (Plasma + WBC)
Q- How is Lymph formed? Ans- Through the pores present in the walls of capillaries some amount of plasma, Amino acids (proteins) and blood cells, etc escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph. Function of Lymph:- i) It carries the digested food and absorbed fats from the intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into blood. (OR) Transports fats from digestive system (small intestine). ii) Drains excess fluids from tissue cells. IMPORTANT NOTE/ FOR UNDERSTANDING: - Pulmonary artery- moves DEOXYGENATED blood from heart to lungs. Pulmonary vein- moves OXYGENATED blood from lungs to heart. Renal artery- moves OXYGENATED blood with waste products from Heart to Kidneys. Renal vein- moves DEOXYGENATED blood Kidneys to Heart through vena cava (Inferior vena cava). Hepatic artery- moves OXYGENATED blood from Heart to Liver. Hepatic Vein- moves DEOXYGENATED blood from Liver to Heart through vena cava. Hepatic portal vein- moves blood from the Stomach, Small intestine, Pancreas to the Liver (V. IMP) Coronary artery- supply OXYGENATED blood from Heart to heart muscles. Coronary vein- moves/ drains DEOXYGENATED blood from heart muscle Heart. Carotid artery- supply/ moves OXYGENATED blood from heart to head (the brain, face & neck). Jugular vein- drains/ passes DEOXYGENATED blood from head (the brain, face & neck) to the heart through vena cava (Superior vena cava). Q- Why do Arteries have thick and elastic walls as compared to Veins? Ans- Arteries are the blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood from heart to all parts of the body. Since the blood emerges from the heart under high pressure, the arteries have thick and elastic walls.
Q- Why do Veins have valves? Ans- In order to prevent the backflow of blood which ensures that the blood flows only in one direction. TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEINGS Working/ Function of Heart:- i) When the muscles of the four chambers of the heart relaxed, Oxygenated (Oxygen rich) blood from the lungs enters into the left atrium through pulmonary vein. ii) When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated blood is pumped or pushed into the left ventricle through Bicuspid valve/Mitral valve. Here left ventricle expands. iii) When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is pumped out to all the parts of body (except lungs) through aorta, when Aortic valve opens. iv) In the body cells, oxygen get mixed with digested food and produce CO₂. v) Deoxygenated (carbon dioxide rich) blood comes from body into right atrium through Vena cava (Superior & Inferior Vena cava). Here, the right atrium expands. vi) When the right atrium contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pushed into right ventricle through Tricuspid valve. Here, right ventricle expands. vii) When the right ventricle contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pumped or pushed into the lungs through pulmonary artery for oxygenation, when Pulmonary/ Pulmonic valve opens.
V.IMP
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF O2 & CO
Q- Single circulation i.e. blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of passage through the body, is exhibited by (a) Labeo, Chameleon, Salamander (b) Hippocampus, Exocoetus, Anabas ( Ans) (c) Hyla, Rana, Draco (d) Whale, Dolphin, Turtle (Hint: - In bit (b) are example of fishes.) Blood pressure:- The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel is called blood pressure. (OR) The pressure at which blood is pumped around the body by heart is called blood pressure. ► It is measured by an instrument called sphygmomanometer.
Symptoms for Low BP i) Blurred or fading vision. ii) Dizziness feeling. iii) Fainting. iv) Fatigue. v) Trouble concentrating. vi) Upset stomach. Transportation in plants: Plants have two types of transport system (vascular tissues). (i) Xylem: Transports of water and minerals from roots to the different parts of the plant. Xylem tissue consists of Vessels and Tracheids. (ii) Phloem: Transports of food, hormones and other substances. Phloem tissue consists for **Sieve tube & Companion cells.
- Transport of water and minerals:-** The water and minerals (dissolved form) move from the roots of the plants to the leaves through the two kinds of xylem tissue. They are:- a) Xylem vessels (non-living cells) b) Tracheids (dead cells) Processes Involved:- i) Root Pressure:- Root pressure is a positive Hydrostatic/Osmotic pressure generated in the roots, primarily at night, that pushes water and dissolved ions up the xylem. It is driven by the accumulation of ions inside the root xylem, which creates a lower water potential compared to the surrounding soil, forcing water to enter by osmosis.
ii) Active transportation - Definition: The movement of ions (Like Na⁺, K⁺, NO₃⁻, etc) or molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Energy Use: It requires energy, usually in the form of ATP, to move substances against their gradient. Mechanism: Specific membrane proteins (pumps) act as transporters. iii) Ion Concentration Difference Definition: The difference in the amount of a specific ion between two areas, such as between the soil and root hair cells, or between the cytoplasm and the vacuole. How it forms: Active transport "pumps" ions into the cell, creating a higher concentration inside the plant compared to the soil outside. iv) Transpiration:- The Loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration. Advantages of transpiration:- i) It helps in absorption and upward movement of water and minerals. ii) Temperature regulation. iii) Maintain a constant supply of ions to the leaves. iv) Remove excess water. v) Osmosis & Diffusion
(OR) NCERT BOOK LINE ……..
At the roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take up ions creating a difference in the concentration of these ions between the root and the soil. Due to this pressure water moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this difference. So, there is steady movement of water into root xylem from the soil creating a column of water pushing it upwards.
