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Life Processes I living things perform certain life processes like growth, excretion, respiration, circulation etc. All the processes like respiration, digestion, which together keep the living organisms alive and perform the job of body maintenance are called life processes. Examples: Life Processes Lv ny + v LV Growth Digestion Respiration Circulation Excretion I. Nutrition (The whole process by which an organism obtain its food) [Nutrition in Plants | trition in Animal Plants are autotrophs. Animals are hetrotrophs. Can make their own food. Depends on plants or other animals for their food. EE) 2 - con a9-x WY Scanned with CamScanner Modes of Nutrition Autrotrophic Hetrotrophic Kind of nutrition in which Kind of nutrition in which organisms inorganic materials like CO), do not possess the ability to water etc. are utilized to prepare synthesize their own food. They organic food by the pracess of depend on autotrophs for their food photosynthesis. supply directly or indirectly. E.g., Green plants. £.g., Animals, fungi. Autotrophic Nutrition: The organisms which carry out autotrophic nutrition are called autotrophs (green plants). Use A 7 2 2 Convert : Autotrophs —£- Simple inorganic material ——>,>—? Complex high energy molecules (Carbohydrates) Autotrophic nutrition is fulfilled by the process by which autotrophs take in CO, and H,O and convert these into carbohydrates in the presence of chlorophyll, sunlight is called Photosynthesis. 2 Sunlight Equations : 6CO, + 12H,O —Citoropiyt > C,H,,0, + 60, + 6H,O Raw Materials for Photosynthesis : + Sunlight * Chlorophyll — Sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll + CO, — Enters through stomata and oxygen (Q) is released as by-product through stomata on leaf. « Water — Water + dissolved minerals like nitrogen, phosphorus etc. are taken up by the roots of the soil. Site of Photosynthesis : Chloroplast in the leaf, chloroplast contain chlorophyll (green pigment). Main Events of Photosynthesis : + Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll Scanned with CamScanner (i) Amoeba Amoeba ———> Pseudopodia | extension of cell membrane Capture food JH Food Particle | Take in | food vacuole | { Pseudopodia Digestion of food _ Diffusion ~ in food vacuole (of simple substances in eytoplaem) 1 Food Vacuole Undigested food u move to surface of cell and 1 is thrown out. Nutrition in Amoeba (ii) Paramaecium Paramaecium —> Cilia —* Takeinfood — Ataspecific spot (Present all over the body) € NUTRITION » I. NUTRITION Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Egestion (Intake of (Breakdown (Movement (Utilisation (Removal of food) of complex of digested of food) waste material into food) products) simple ones) Different organisms utilize different nutritional processes as it depends upon the source of carbon from where the food is taken. ME ®©)d 2. cuss xg-x WY Scanned with CamScanner ( Nutrition in Human Beings “Tastin : of food + liga . Swallowing/Pushing down of the food. Salivary Glan - Secrete saliva + Mucus seat 1 sh = [Safva} «=| Sugar Oesophagus cing food from mouth to stomach by eristaltic movements. [Contraction and V pansion of muscles of the oesophagus Stomach Gastric Juice i T 1 1 PEPSIN HCl MUCUS me that (Makes medium (Protects breaks down acidic) inner lining proteins) of the stomach) f Small Intestine — - (a) Intestinal enzyme — convert Scanned with CamScanner RESPIRATION Respiration involves : (i) Gaseous exchange : Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of CO, Breathing (ii) Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the cell Cellular respiration Breakdown of Glucose by Various Pathways C,H,20, (6 - Carbon Sugar) In cytoplasm Pyruvicacid -+ Energy Ethanol +/CO,+ energy Lactic acid “0 energy energy Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic «Takes place in the presence * Takes place in the absence of oxygen of oxygen *Qccurs in mitochondria * Occurs in cytoplasm +End products are CO, and H,O + End products are alcohol or lactic acid *More amount of energy is released + Less amount of energy is released HEE) 22 -cian 6a-x WY Scanned with CamScanner Human Respiratory System Passage of air through the respiratory system: Nostril Trachea 4 Bronchi ‘ Bronchioles 4 Lungs Alveoli ood capillaries Mechanism of Breathing Inhalation Exhalation F During inhalation the thoracic * Thoracic cavity contracts. cavity (chest cavity) expands. * Ribs lift up. * Ribs move downwards. * Diaphragm become flat in shape. * Volume of lungs increases and air enters the lungs HEE ©)d 22 cas 609-x WH Diaphragm becomes dome shaped. Volume of lungs decreases and air exits from the lungs. Scanned with CamScanner — Lungs ho Pulmonary vein P arses © (Oxygenated blood (Deoxygenated + — Right Lett __4. y blood) I atrium _atrium OA. WW <— Right Left ——» ventricle ventricle Main vein Heart Main art ain arte! (Deoxygenated ©@) QJ (Aorta) ¥ blood) (Deoxygenated blood Body Organs - 4: ood) | Diagram to show blood circulation in human body Double circulation Blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of the body. Aorta, Left pulmonary artery >) artery Pulmonary vein Superior vena cava Right Auricle Left auricle Bicuspid value Pulmonary value Left ventricle Inferior vena cava Tricuspid value ortic value Right ventricle Direction of blood flow through human heart Pulmonary Circulation : Blood moves from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. Systemic Circulation : Blood moves from the heart to rest of the body and back to the heart. MEEE®) 22. cass ean-x WY Scanned with CamScanner Blood (A fluid connective tissue) y Y Solid Component Liquid Component (Blood Corpuscles) (Plasma) R. B. C.s Blood W. B.C. A yellow colour fluid contain t Platelets y 90% water & 10% organic * Carries respect gas Provide body | Substances like (O,, CO,) helps in defence by - plasma, proteins viz. * Contain Hb, Blood engulfing albumin, globulin, impart red colour to Clotting the germs & inorganic - mineral ions. the blood producing antibodies Lymph : A yellowish fluid escapes from the blood capillaries into the intercellular spaces contain less proteins than blood. Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation and destroying germs. (Blood Vessels) Arteries Veins 1. Carry oxygenated blood from 1. Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to body parts except body parts to heart except pulmonary artery. pulmonary vein. 2. Also called distributing vessel. 2. Also called collecting vessel. 3. Thick and elastic. 3. Thin and less elastic. 4. Deepseated 4, Superficial as compared to arteries (Transportation in Plants) There are two main conducting pathways in a plant. Xylem Phloem 1. Carries water & minerals from 1. Carries product of photosynthesis the roots to other parts of the plant. from leaves to the other parts of the plant. 2. No energy is used. 2. Energy is used from ATP. Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the plant. Bio - Class (SA-)-X Wj] Scanned with CamScanner 2. Unicellular organisms remove these wastes by simple diffusion. Human Excretory System Formation of Urine + Each kidney contains many filtration units called as nephrons. * Nephrons are made up of a cluster of thin walled capillaries called glomerulus which is associated with a cup like structure called as Bowman’s capsule and the long tube which terminates through this capsule. * The renal artery brings oxygenated blood to the kidneys along with the nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid and many other substances. * The blood gets filtered through the glomerulus and this filtrate enters the tubular part of nephron. * As this filtrate moves down the tubular part, glucose, amino acids, salts and excess of water gets selectively reabsorbed by the blood vessels surrounding these tubules. * The amount of water reabsorbed depends upon : * How much excess of water is there in the body and, * How much nitrogenous wastes need to be excreted out. * — So the fluid now flowing in the tubular part is urine which gets collected in collecting ducts of nephrons. * These collecting ducts together leave the kidney at a common point by forming the ureter. * Each ureter drains the urine in the urinary bladder where it is stored until the pressure of expanded bladder leads to an urge to pass it out through urethra. * This bladder is a muscular structure which is under nervous control. + 180 litres of filtrate is formed daily but only 2 litres is excreted out as urine so the rest is reabsorbed in the body. Functions of Nephron * Excretion of nitrogenous wastes. * To maintain the water and ionic balance (osmic regulation). Excretion in Plants Plants use different strategies for excretion of different products : * Oxygen and carbon dioxide is diffused through stomata. * Excess water is removed by transpiration. MEEEI®©) 2-- cies san-x Scanned with CamScanner + Plants can even loose some of their old parts like old leaves and bark of tree. * Other waste products like raisins and gums especially in old xylem cells which can also be lost by plants. * Plants also secrete some waste substances into the soil around them. Branch of Renal Artery Afferent Efferent Arteriole Arteriole Distal Convoluted Tubule Malpighian Glomerulus. Body Bowman's Capsule Proximal eer Collecting Tubule Branch of . . Renal Vein Ascending Limb ‘of Loop of Henle Descending Limb of Loop of Henle Opening of other Nephron Loop of Henle Structure of a Nephron The urine formation involves three steps : 1. Glomerular filtration ; Nitrogenous wastes, glucose water, amino acid filter from the blood into Bowman Capsule of the nephron. 2. Tubular reabsorption : Now, useful substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed back by capillaries surrounding the nephron. 3. Secretion : Urea, extra water and salts are secreted into the tubule which open up into the collecting duct & then into the ureter. Artificial Kidney Haemodialysis : The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. It is meant for kidney failure patients. MEE ®)a *--cias 649-2 WI Scanned with CamScanner Chapter - 7. 1 GOAL, Control And Coordination ¢ All the living organisms respond and react to changes in the environment around them. * The changes in the environment to which the organisms respond and react are called stimuli such as light, heat, cold, sound, smell, touch etc. + Both plants and animals respond to stimuli but in a different manner. Control and Coordination in Animals It is brought about in all animals with the help of two main systems : (a) Nervous system (b) Endocrine system NERVOUS SYSTEM + Control and coordination are provided by nervous and muscular tissues. * Nervous tissue is made up of an organized network of nerve cells or neurons, and is specialized for conducting information via electrical impulses from one part of the body to another. Receptors : Are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect the information from the environment. These receptors are located in our sense organs. (a) Ear: + Phonoreceptors . Hearing . Balance of the body mm@p» Bio - Class (SA-I)- X . | ] GOA FRE OR ALL. oN Scanned with CamScanner (b) Eyes: + Photoreceptors + Seeing (¢) Skin: + Thermoreceptors + Heat or cold e Touch (d) Nose: « Olfactory receptors « Smell detection (e) Tongue: Gustatory receptors * Taste detection Neuron 5 It is the structural and functional unit of nervous system. Dendrite |Nerve ending Cellbody Parts of Neuron : (a) Dendrite : Acquires information. (b) Cell body : Acquired information travels as an electrical impulse. (ce) Axon : Longest fibre on the cell body is called axon, It transmits electrical impulse from cell bady to dendrite of next neuron. Synapse : It is the gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and dendrite of the other neuron. Here electrical signal is converted into chemical signal for onward transmission. REFLEX ACTION Reflex action is quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to a stimulus. E.g., Knee jerk, withdrawal of hand on touching hot object. Bio - Class (SA-I)- X » | ] GO ALT Fora Scanned with CamScanner (ii) Control the voluntary actions. (iii)Store information (Memory). (iv)Receives sensory impulses from various parts of the body and integrate it. (v) Centre associated with hunger. (b) Mid-brain : Controls involuntary actions such as : + Change in pupil size. + Reflex movements of head, neck and trunk, (c) Hind-brain : It has three parts : it) Cerebellum: Controlspostureandbalance.Precisionofvoluntary actionse. g., picking pen. (ii) Medulla : Controls involuntary actions e.g., blood pressure, salivation, vomiting. (iii) Pons: Involuntary actions, regulation of respiration. Cerebrum Fore-Brain Pituitary gland . _ JM Hind-Brain Human Brain Cerebellum Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord (a) Brain : Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts as shock absorber and is enclosed in cranium (skull or brain box). a JN Bio - Class (SA-I)-X | ] GOA lay vt aes Scanned with CamScanner (b) Spinal Cord : Spinal cord is enclosed in vertebral column. Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue > CNS — Information received & processed — Decision made — Response Generated | Motor Nerve Muscle Shorten Muscles — Re-arrangement of muscles proteins Sensory Nerve Sense Organ — Stimulus — Response Limitations of Electric communication/Nervous system : (a) Electric impulse will reach only to those cells that are connected by nervous tissue. (b) After generation and transmission of an electrical impulse, the cell takes some time to reset its mechanism before transmitting another impulse. So cells cannot continually create and transmit impulse. (c) Plants do not have any nervous system. Chemical communication : To overcome the limitations of electric communication. COORDINATION IN PLANTS Movements in plants : (i) Independent of growth (ii) Dependent on growth (i) Independent of growth ; Immediate response to stimulus. « Plants use electrical-chemical means to convey information from cell to cell. ¢ Formovement to happen, cells change their shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking of cells. E.g., Drooping of leaves of “Touch-me-not’ plant on touching it. (ii) Dependent on growth ; These movements are tropic movements i.e., directional 1 GOA PEE OR ALL HEE) cor:1508 Coordination Wj Scanned with CamScanner 
