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CHEM 103 EXAM SCRIPT 2026 PRACTICE
SOLUTION BUNDLED
โ gas. Answer: indefinite volume and indefinite shape low density large compressibilty โ barometer. Answer: device that measures atm pressure โ 760 mmHg equals ..... Answer: 1.00 atm โ 1.00 atm equals ....... Answer: 1 torr โ 14.7 psi. Answer: 1.00 atm equals .... โ Boyle's Law. Answer: if the temperature of a gas is CONSTANT, the pressure exerted by the gas varies inversely as the volume P1V1=P2V pressure goes up and volume goes down
pressure goes down volume goes up โ Avogadro's Law. Answer: equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules โ Charles' Law. Answer: the volume of a quantity of gas, held at a FIXED pressure varies directly with the Kelvin temperature V1/T1=V2/T Temp. increases volume increases Temp decreases volume decreases โ Combined Gas Law. Answer: Boyle's and Charles' combined P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T โ Ideal Gas Law. Answer: PV = nRT Pressure = atm Temp. = K Volume = Liters n = moles
โ evaporation. Answer: molecules escape from the liquid state to the gas state โ rate of evaporation. Answer: increases with temperature โ vapor. Answer: a gas that exists at a temperature and pressure at which it would ordinarily be thought of as liquid or solid โ volatile substance. Answer: substance that readily evaporates at room temperature because of high vapor pressure โ boiling point. Answer: the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure exerted on the liquid โ intermolecular force. Answer: an attractive force that acts between a molecule and another molecule โ dipole-dipole. Answer: between two polar moleculespositive end of one attracts the negative end of another โ london dispersion. Answer: weak temporary intermolecular forces that occur between polar and non polar molecules
โ hydrogen bond. Answer: strong dipole dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonding to a small, very electronegative atom, F O N and a lone pair on another small electronegative atom โ surface tension. Answer: directly related intermolecular attraction between its molecules greater H bonding, greater surface tension โ crystallization. Answer: formation of a solid from a liquid โ amorphous solid. Answer: atoms have no set pattern and arranged randomly EX. Glass โ solution. Answer: homogeneous mixture solute + solvent โ properties of solution. Answer: 1. distribution of particles is uniform
- components do not separate on standing
โ aqueous solution. Answer: water is the solvent โ non aqueous. Answer: any solution where the water isnt the solvent โ solubility rule. Answer: guide line of the solubility of ionic compounds in water all nitrates and group 1A are soluble โ concentrated solution. Answer: contains large amount of solute to solvent โ dilute solution. Answer: small amount of a solute to a large amount of solvent โ concentration. Answer: the amount of solute present in a specified amount of solution โ % by mass. Answer: %(m/m) = mass of solute/ mass of solution x 100 โ % by volume. Answer: %(v/v)= volume of solute/volume of solution x 100
โ % mass-volume. Answer: %(m/v)= mass of solute/ volume of solution x โ Molarity. Answer: = moles of solute/liters of solution *moles = mass of substance/substance's molar mass โ dilution. Answer: process in which more solvent is added to a solution in order to lower its concentration M1V1=M2V โ hydrates. Answer: substance that has water molecules attached to it โ anhydrous. Answer: hydrated crystal with water removed โ hygroscopic. Answer: substance that absorbs water from the atmosphere โ colligative property. Answer: physical property of a solution that depends only on the number (concentration) of a solute particles
- do not settle out
- cannot be filtered with filter paper โ tyndall effect. Answer: the scattering of light by colloid particles โ brownian motion. Answer: motion of any colloidal particle suspended in a solvent EX. Dust โ dispersing medium. Answer: material that particles are dispersed Examples: smoke, clouds, marshmellows, whipped cream โ osmosis. Answer: passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane separating a dilute solution from a more concentrate solution โ semipermeable membrane. Answer: membrane that allows certain types of molecules to pass through it but prohibits the passage of other types of molecules
โ osmotic pressure. Answer: pressure that must be applied to prevent the net flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration โ osmolarity. Answer: product of a solution molarity and the number of particles produced per unit if the solute is dissociated i x M i = number of particles of solute โ isotonic solution. Answer: solution surrounding cells has the same osmotic pressure as the cells saline. .9% m/v โ hypotonic solution. Answer: lower osmotic pressure than within cells , water flows into cells Ex. distilled water โ hemolysis. Answer: causes cell to swell and eventually rupture
X + Y ---> XY
โ decomposition. Answer: one reactant becomes 2 products XY ----> X + Y โ single replacement. Answer: replacing one ion X+YZ ---> Y + XZ โ double replacement. Answer: exchange reaction AB + CD ---> AD + CB โ collision theory. Answer: conditions needed for chemical reaction to occur
- Molecular collisions
- Activation Energy
- Collision Orientation โ molecular collisions. Answer: reactant molecules, ions, or atoms must collide with one another in order for a chemical change to occur
โ activation energy. Answer: min. amount of kinetic energy needed for the collision of reactant particles to result in a chemical reaction. โ collision orientation. Answer: molecules have to be oriented in certain ways to have successful collisions resulting in products โ redox reactions. Answer: Combustion, Respiration, Rusting, Batteries, Bleaching
- neutral elements always 0 ( H2 Na)
- oxidation number of monoatomic ion is same as charge ( NaCl)
- Oxidation number of hydrogen is usually 1+
- Oxidation number of oxygen is usually 2- โ oxidized when. Answer: lose electrons or increase in oxidation number โ reduced when. Answer: gain electrons or decrease in oxidation number โ oxidizing agent is. Answer: reduced so electrons are gained โ reducing agent is. Answer: oxidized so electrons lost
โ chemical kinetics. Answer: study of reaction rates โ factors affecting rates of reactions. Answer: nature of reactant concentration - the higher the more collisions temperature catalyst โ catalysts. Answer: substance that increases a chemical reaction rate without being consumed in the reactionthey do not change equilibrium โ equilibrium reaction. Answer: a state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction โ reversible reaction. Answer: a reaction that can go either way <----
โ solute. Answer: is dissolved โ solvent. Answer: does the dissolving
H20 is the universal solvent โ Chemistry. Answer: the science of materials their composition structure and changes they undergo โ Matter. Answer: anything with mass and takes up space โ substance. Answer: a homogeneous material consisting of one particular kind of matter โ physical states of matter - solid. Answer: definite shape and volume โ physical states of matter - liquid. Answer: indefinite shape and definite volume โ Physical states of matter - gas. Answer: indefinite shape and indefinite volume โ physical properties. Answer: color, crystalline, melting point , boiling point , refractive index
H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 12 โ accuracy. Answer: refers to the correctness of measurement data โ precision. Answer: refers to the reproductibility of measurement data โ scientific notation. Answer: smaller than one = negative exponent larger than one = postive exponent โ density. Answer: mass/volume โ temperature. Answer: K = C + 273 C = K - 273 โ law of conservation of matter. Answer: states that matter can be neither created not destroyed โ creator of law of conservation of matter. Answer: antoine laurent lavoisier โ atom. Answer: smallest part of an element that contains 3 subatomic particles
โ proton. Answer: postive charge in the nucleus โ neutron. Answer: a neutral charge in the nucleus - electrons equal protons โ atomic number. Answer: number of protons in atom โ electron. Answer: negative charge that circles nucleus โ nucleus. Answer: center of atom that contains protons and neutrons โ atomic mass number. Answer: protons plus neutrons โ element ( periodic table ). Answer: pure substance where atoms all have the same atomic number โ isotopes. Answer: atoms with same number ot protons and electrons but different neutrons โ dalton's atomic theory. Answer: all matter is made of atoms , atoms are indivisible wnd indestructible
