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Chapter 1 fundamental of chemistry Short answer questions
Q1 what is chemistry?
The branch of science that deals with the composition structure,properties and reaction of matter is called chemistry.
Q2 Define physical chemistry.
Physical chemistry is defined as the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between the composition and physical properties of matter along with the changes in them.
Q3 Define organic and inorganic chemistry.
Organic chemistry: organic chemistry is the study of covalent compound of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons)and their derivatives.
Inorganic chemistry: inorganic chemistry deals with the study of all elements and their compounds except those of compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons)and their derivatives.
Q4 Define biochemistry.
It is the branch of chemistry in which we study the structure composition and chemical reaction of substance found in living organisms.
Q5 what is industrial chemistry?
The branch of chemistry that deals with the manufacturing of chemical compounds on
commercial scale is called industrial chemistry.
Q6 Define nuclear chemistry.
Nuclear chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the radioactivity,nuclear processes and properties.
Q7 Define environmental chemistry.
It is the branch of chemistry in which we study about the components of the environment and the effect of human activity on the environment.
Q8 Define analytical chemistry.
Analytical Chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the separation and analysis of a sample to identify its components.
Q9 what is substance and mixture?
Substance:A piece of matter in pure form is termed as a substance.
Mixture:impure matter is called mixture.
Q10 Define physical and chemical properties.
Physical Properties: associated with the physical state of substance are physical properties ; like a colors, smell,taste etc.
Chemical Properties: These properties depend upon the composition the substance.
Q11 Define element.
Element is a substance made up of same type of atoms, having same atomic number and cannot be decomposed into simple substances by ordinary chemical means.
Q16 Define AMU.
The unit for relative atomic masses is called atomic mass unit,with symbol amu.one atomic mass unit is 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon- 12. 1amu=1.66×10raise power -24 g.
Q17 Define empirical formula and molecular formula.
The simplest type of formula is empirical formula. for example; thehe covalent compound silicon has simplest ratio of 1:2 of silicon and oxygen respectively. Therefore it's empirical formula is SIO2.
Molecular formula: molecular formula that show actual number of atom of each element present in molecule of that compound. for example molecular formula of benzene is C⁶H⁶.
Q18 what is molecular mass and formula mass?
The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of a molecular substance,is its molecular mass.for example molecular mass of water H²O (18mu).
Formula mass:In Sach case is the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one formula unit of a substance.for example formula mass of sodium chloride NaCl (58.5amu).
Q19 Define Ions.and also write its types.
Ion is an atom or group of atoms having a charge on it. There are two types of ion one is cation and the other is called anions.
Q20 what is cations and anions?
Cations: An atom or group of atoms having positive charge on it is called cations.for example Na+,K+ are cations.
Anions:An atom or group of atom or group of atoms that has a negative charge on it, is called anions. for example CL-and O- are anions.
Q21 Difference between atoms and ions.
Atoms: 1 It is the smallest particle of an element. 2 it can ore cannot exist independently and can take part in a chemical reaction. 3 It is electrically neutral. Ions: 1 It is the smallest unit of an ionic compound. 2 It cannot exist independently and is surrounded by oppositely charged ions. 3 it has a net charge (either negative or positive)on it.
Q22 Define molecular ion.
When a molecule loses or gains an electron, it forms a molecular ions.
Q23 Difference between molecule and molecular ion.
Molecular: 1 It is a smallest particle of an element or compound which can exist independently and show all the properties of that compound. 2 it is always neutral. 3 It is formed by the combination of atoms. 4 It is a stable unit.
Molecular Ion: 1 It is formed by gain or loss of electron by a molecule. 2 It can have a negative or positive charge. 3 It is formed by the ionization of a molecule. 4 It is a reactive specie.
Q24 Define Free Radicals.
Avogadro's Number is a collection of 6.02 ×10 raise power 23 particles.it is represented by symbol 'NA'.Hence, the 6.02 ×10 raise power 23 number of atoms, molecules or formula unit is called Avogadro's number.
Q30 Define mole.
A mole is defined as the amount (mass)of a substance that contains 6.02×10 raise power 23 number of particles (atoms molecules or formula units).
Long Questions
Q.1 Difference between compound
and mixture.
Compound: 1 It is formed by a
chemical combination of atoms of
the elements.
2 The constituents lose their
identity and form a new substance
having entirely different properties
from them.
3 compounds always have a fixed
composition by mass.
4 The components cannot be
separated by physical means.
5 Every compound is represented
by a chemical formula.
6 compound have homogeneous
composition.
7 compounds have sharp and fixed
melting points.
Monoatomic molecule: A molecule
consisting of only one atom is
called monotonic molecule.e.g. the
inert gases helium, neon and organ.
Diatomic molecule: if a molecule
consists of two atoms,it is called
diatomic molecules.for example
hydrogen H² and oxygen O².
Triatomic molecule: if it consists of
3 atoms, it is called triatomic
molecules. for example H²O and
CO².
Polyatomic: if amolecule consists of
many atoms it is called polyatomic
for example ch⁴ and H²SO⁴.
Homoatomic molecule: A Molecule
containing same type of atoms,is
called homotomic molecules.for
example H² and O³.
Heteratomic molecule: A Molecule
consists of different kinds of atoms,
it is called hydrotonic molecules.
for examples CO²,H²O and NH³.
Q7 Write the name of Hydrogen's isotopes? There are three isotopes of hydrogen. i protium (¹H). ii Deuterium (²H or D). iii Tritium (³H or T). Q8 Define carbon's isotopes? There are two stable isotopes of carbon¹²C and ¹³C and one radioactive isotope ¹⁴C.The isotope ¹²C is present in the abundance of 98.9%. Q9 Write the name of isotopes of chlorine? There are two isotopes of chlorine, 17Cl³⁵and 17Cl³⁷. Q10 Write the name of isotopes of uranium? There are three isotopes of uranium i.e.92U²³⁵,92U²³⁷,92U²³⁸.The 92U²³⁸is found in nature nearly 99%. Q11 Write the uses of Cobalt-60? For cancer Cobalt-60, affecting within the body, is used because it emits strongly penetrating gamma rays. Q12 What is radioactive isotopes and carbon dating? Radioactive isotope Dating: The age determination of very old objects based on the half lives of the radioactive isotope is called radioactive isotope dating. Carbon Dating: An important method of age determination of very old carbon containing object (fossils) by measuring the radioactive of C-14 in them is called radio-
Chapter 3
Periodic Table and Periodicity of properties Short Questions Q1 Define Dobereiner's triads? A German chemist Dobereiner observed relationship between atomic masses of several groups of three elements called trides.In these groups the central or middle element had atomic mass average of the other two elements. Q2 Define law of newlands octaves? “law of octaves" he noted that there was a repetition in chemical properties of every 8 element if they were arranged by their increasing atomic masses,he compared it with musical notes. Q3 Define periodic law? Periodic law was amanded as a “properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers". Q4 What is periods and groups? Periods: The horizontal rows of elements in periodic table are called periods. Groups: The vertical columns are called groups. Q5 Write the long form of periodic table? The table consists of seven horizontal rows called periods. Element of a period show different properties. There are 18 vertical columns in the periodic table number 1 to 18 from left to right,which are called groups. Elements of a group show similar chemical properties. Q6 What is short period? First period is called short period. It consists of only
I.E/E.A/E.N in group (top to bottom) decrease because atomic size increase while in period (left to right) increase because nuclear charge increase.
Chapter 4 Structure of Molecule Short questions
Q1 What is chemical force? The force responsible for binding the atoms together in the molecule are called chemical force. Q2 what is the Duplet and Octet rule? Duplet rule: Attaining 2 electrons in the valence shell is called the Duplet rule. Octet rule: Attaining eight electrons in the valence shell is called octat rule. Q3 Why noble gases do not make a bond? Noble gases do not make a bond because they already stable. Q4 Define chemical bond? A Chemical bond is defined as a force of attraction between atoms that holds them together in a substance. Q5 What is loan and Bond pair? The Valence electron which are involve involved in chemical bonding are termed as bonding electron. Q6 Define coordinate covalent bond? Coordinate covalent or dative covalent bonding is a type of covalent bonding in which the bond pair of electrons is donated by one bonded atom only. Q7 What is Donor and Acceptor? The atom which donates the electron pair is called donor. Acceptor: The atom which accepts the electron pair is called Acceptor. Q8 What is polar and non- polar covalent bond? If a covalent bond is formed between two similar atoms (homo-atoms), the shared pair of electrons is
attracted by both the atoms equally.such a type of bond is called non-polar covalent bond. Polar covalent bond: If covenant bond is formed between to different atoms, the shared pair of electrons is attracted by both the atoms not equally such a type of bond is called the polar covalent bond. Q10 Define Metallic bond? The Metallic bond is defined as a bond formed between metal atoms(positively charged ions)due to mobile or free electrons. Q11 What is intermolecular forces? In addition to these strong bonding forces, relatively weak forces also exist in between the molecules,which are called intermolecular forces. Q12 What is Hydrogen Bonding? Partially positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule attracts and forms a bond with the partially negatively charged atom of the other molecule, the bonding is called hydrogen bonding. Q13 Why ice floats over water? Ice over water is because of hydrogen bonding and density of ice at 0° C (0. 917 g cm-³) is less than that of liquid water at 0° C (1.00 g cm-³) in the liquid state water molecules move randomly. however, when water is freezes the molecules are range themselves in an ordered form, That's why ice floats over water. Q14 Define Epoxy Adhesives? and also write its two types. One form of polymer used industrial is epoxy adhesive. Two general categories of epoxy adhesive are thermoplastic and thermoseting.
liquid. Q8 What is Melting point? The temperature at which a solid starts melting and Coexist in dynamic equilibrium with the liquid state is called melting point. Q9 What is Amorphous solids? Solids in which the particles are not regularly arranged or their regular shape or destroyed, are called amorphous solids. Q10 What is Crystalline solids? Solids in which particles are arrange in definite three- dimensional pattern are called crystalline solids. Q11 What is Allotropy? The existence of an element in more than one forms in same physical state is called allotropy. Such as allotropy of oxygen O² and ozone O³.
Chapter 6
Solutions Short questions
Q1 Define Solution? A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Q2 What is aqueous solution? The solution which is formed is dissolving a substance in water is called aqueous solution. Q3 What is solute and solvent? Solute : The component of a solution which is present in smaller quantity is called solute. Solvent: The component of a solution which is present in larger quantity is called solvent. Q4 What is saturated solution? A solution containing maximum amount of solute at a given temperature is called a saturated solution. Q5 what is unsaturated solution? A solution which contains lesser amount of solute then that which is required to saturated it at a given temperature, is called unsaturated solution. Q6 Define Supersaturated solution? The solution that is more concentrated then a saturated solution is known as a supersaturated solution. Q7 Define percentage m/m(%m/m)? It is a number of grams of solute in 100 grams of solution. %m/m=mass of solute (g) × mass of solute(g)+mass of solvent (g) Q8 Define percentage mass/volume (%m/v)? It is the number of grams of solute dissolved in
