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CHESS: A BOARD GAME
CHESS
● A two-player game, where one player is assigned with white pieces and the other black. ● Each player has sixteen (16) pieces to start the game: ○ King (1) ○ Queen (1) ○ Rooks (2) ○ Bishops (2) ○ Knights (2) ○ Pawns (8)
EQUIPMENT
● Chess Pieces ○ Most familiar and popular pieces follow the Staunton pattern ○ Normally made from wood or plastic, although other materials can be used
○ Staunton Pattern
- First registered in 1849 by Nathaniel Cook
- Pieces are required for most tournaments
● Chess Clocks ○ First clocks, used in the 19th century, were sandglasses which kept track of each player’s time on a different device ○ Soon superseded by two connected analog clocks. One player’s clock starts as soon as the other player has made a move and punched the clock.
● Score Sheets ■ Recording the moves of a game is another necessity for tournament play. ■ Usually issued at the start of each round in a tournament, but many players prefer to record their games in scorebooks
OBJECTIVE CHECKMATE
● To capture the other player’s king ● Capture is never actually completed, but once a king is under attack and unable to avoid capture, it said to be checkmated and the game is over
HOW TO PLAY
● Game is started in the position shown below on a chess board consisting of sixty-four (64) squares in an eight by eight grid
● White player moves first, then each player takes a single turn. In fact, a player must move in turn. In other words, a move cannot be skipped
● A move consists of placing one piece on a different square, following the rules of movement for that piece ○ A player can take an opponent’s piece by moving one of his or her own pieces to the square that contains an opponent’s piece ○ Opponent’s piece is removed from the board and is out of play for the rest of the game
● Check ○ When a king is threatened with capture but has a means to escape ○ A king cannot move into a check, and if in check must have to move out of it immediately ○ Three ways to move out of check:
- Capture the checking piece
- Block the line of attack by placing one of your own pieces between the checking piece and the king
- Move the king away from check
● Draw ○ Also known as a stalemate
SCRABBLE
Nature
● Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by placing tiles, each bearing a single letter, onto a game board which is divided into a 15×15 grid of squares.
● The tiles must form words which, in crossword fashion, flow left to right in rows or downwards in columns.
● The words must be defined in a standard dictionary.
History
● In 1938, American architect Alfred Mosher Butts created the game as a variation on an earlier word game he invented called Lexiko.
● The new game, which he called "Criss-Crosswords," added the 15× gameboard and the crossword-style game play.
● He manufactured a few sets himself, but was not successful in selling the game to any major game manufacturers of the day.
● In 1948, James Brunot, a resident of Newtown, Connecticut – and one of the few owners of the original Criss-Crosswords game – bought the rights to manufacture the game in exchange for granting Butts a royalty on every unit sold.
● Though he left most of the game (including the distribution of letters) unchanged, Brunot slightly rearranged the "premium" squares of the board and simplified the rules; he also changed the name of the game to "Scrabble", a real word which means "to scratch frantically".
● In 1984, Scrabble was turned into a daytime game show on NBC.
● In 2011, a new TV variation of Scrabble, called Scrabble Showdown, aired on The Hub cable channel, which is a joint venture of Discovery Communications, Inc. and Hasbro.
● Scrabble was inducted into the National Toy Hallof Fame in 2004.
Equipment
● A Scrabble game board is made of up cells in a square grid.
● The Scrabble board is 15 cells wide by 15 cells high.
● Scrabble is played with exactly 100 tiles.
● 98 of these tiles contain letters on them, while there are 2 blank tiles.
● These blank tiles add a wildcard aspect to Scrabble.
● The blanks substitute for any letter in the alphabet.
● Once played, a blank tile remains for the remainder of the game the letter for which it was substituted when first played.
● Scrabble Letter Bag, Scrabble Dictionary, Paper and Pencil, 4 tile racks
Rules of the Game
● Without looking into the tile bag, each of the Scrabble players takes one tile out of the tile bag.
● Whichever player has the letter closest to the beginning of the alphabet goes first.
● A blank tile is considered better than an “A”.
● These tiles are placed into the bag once more.
● Starting the game, each player begins their turn by drawing seven tiles apiece from the bag.
● The player can do one of three things on a turn: place a word, exchange tiles or pass.
● Most of the time, the player will take the option of playing a word.
● A player may pass at any time.
● If all player’s pass twice in a row, then the game ends.
● Triple Word Score: This means that a word that is made that includes the letter that is placed on this square receives triple the number of points that it otherwise would.
● One Single Use - Note that extra point squares are only usable once.
● If one player plays a word using this cell, then the next time that space is used to make a word, the point value is not multiplied.
