10/19/23, 9:53 AM
CHN LEC Midterm Trans - Nursing Notes
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Global and National Health Situation
Population
● The global population was 2.8 billion in
1955 and is 5.8 billion now. It will increase
by nearly 80 million people a year to reach
about 8 billion by the year 2025.
● In 1955, 68% of the global population lived
in rural areas and 32% in urban areas. In
1995 the ratio was 55% rural and 45%
urban; by 2025 it will be 41% rural and 59%
urban.
● giving a natural increase of about 220 000
people a day.
● Today's population is made up of 613
million children under 5; 1.7 billion children
and adolescents aged 5-19; 3.1 billion
adults aged 20-64; and 390 million over 65.
● The number of people aged over 65 will
rise from 390 million now to 800 million by
2025 - reaching 10% of the total population.
● By 2025, increases of up to 300% of the
older population are expected in many
developing countries, especially in Latin
America and Asia.
● Globally, the population of children under 5
will grow by just 0.25% annually between
1995-2025, while the population over 65
years will grow by 2.6%.
● The average number of babies per woman
of child-bearing age was 5.0 in 1955, falling
to 2.9 in 1995 and reaching 2.3 in 2025.
While only 3 countries were below the
population replacement level of 2.1 babies
in 1955, there will be 102 such countries by
2025
Life expectancy
● Average life expectancy at birth in 1955
was just 48 years; in 1995 it was 65 years;
in 2025 it will reach 73 years.
● By the year 2025, it is expected that no
country will have a life expectancy of less
than 50 years.
● Over 5 billion people in 120 countries today
have life expectancy of more than 60 years.
● About 300 million people live in 16
countries where life expectancy actually
decreased between 1975-1995
Age Structure of Death
● In 1955, 40% of all deaths were among
children under 5 years, 10% were in 5-19
year-olds, 28% were among adults aged
20-64, and 21% were among the over-65s.
● In 1995, only 21% of all deaths were
among the under-5s, 7% among those
5-19, 29% among those 20-64, and 43%
among the over-65s.
● By 2025, 8% of all deaths will be in the
under-5s, 3% among 5-19 year-olds, 27%
among 20-64 year-olds and 63% among
the over-65s
Leading Causes of Death
● In 1997, of a global total of 52.2 million
deaths, 17.3 million were due to infectious
and parasitic diseases; 15.3 million were
due to circulatory diseases; 6.2 million were
due to cancer; 2.9 million were due to
respiratory diseases, mainly chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease; and 3.6
million were due to perinatal conditions.
● Leading causes of death from infectious
diseases were acute lower respiratory
infections (3.7 million), tuberculosis (2.9
million), diarrhea (2.5 million), HIV/AIDS
(2.3 million) and malaria (1.5-2.7 million).
● Most deaths from circulatory diseases were
coronary heart disease (7.2 million),
cerebrovascular disease (4.6 million), and
other heart diseases (3 million).
● Leading causes of death from cancers
were those of the lung (1.1 million),
stomach (765 000), colon and rectum (525
000) liver, (505 000), and breast (385 000).
Health of Infants and Children
● The infant mortality rate per 1000 live births
was 148 in 1955; 59 in 1995; and is
projected to be 29 in 2025. The under-5
mortality rates per 1000 live births for the
same years are 210, 78 and 37
respectively.
● By 2025 there will still be 5 million deaths
among children under five - 97% of them in
the developing world, and most of them
due to infectious diseases such as
pneumonia and diarrhea, combined with
malnutrition.
● There are still 24 million low-birthweight
babies born every year. They are more
likely to die early, and those who survive
may suffer illness, stunted growth or even
problems into adult life.
● About 50% of deaths among children under
5 are associated with malnutrition.
● At least two million a year of the under-five
deaths could be prevented by existing
