CJ 220 - Study Guide MSU | Study Guides, Projects, Research Criminology

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• Critical criminology- theory that examines the socio-economic and political structures

that contribute to criminal behavior

o Structural inequality- social, economic, and political structures in fostering

inequality, which can lead to criminal behavior

o Power relations- examine how power in a society contributed to the definition of

crime and the enforcement of laws

o Root cases- addresses the root cause of criminal behavior rather than solely

punishing offenders

• Labeling theory – societal reactions to individuals and their actions influence the

development of criminal identities

o Social Labels – individuals may be labeled as criminal based on behavior and this

influences their self-concept and future actions

o Primary deviance – first rule breaking or criminal behavior that may not lead to a

criminal identity

o Secondary deviance – repeated criminal behavior that arises as a result of being

labeled and treated as a criminal

▪ Amplification of deviance – individual's continued interaction with the

criminal justice system that escalated and reinforces deviant behavior

▪ Stigmatization – societal labeling and negative perception of an individual,

leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy of continues deviance

• Shaming theory – role of shame and public humiliation preventing and controlling

criminal behavior

o Disintegrative shaming – ostracizing and stigmatizing the offender

o Reintegrative shaming – encouraging the offender to reintegrate into society

o Stigmatization impact - public's rection to an offender that can discourage or

encourage future criminal behavior

• Conflict theory – role of social and economic inequality in creating conditions conductive

to crime

o Social inequality – crime is a product of social and economic disparities, with

certain groups having more power and resources to define and enforce laws

o Criminal justice as a tool of the powerful – criminal justice system viewed as to

control and oppress marginalized groups

o Critique of legal definitions – examines legal definitions of crime may be of

interest to those in power, reinforcing social inequalities

• Murder- unlawful killing of another person with intent, malice and premeditation

o 1st degree murder - intentional and premeditated killing with malice aforethought

o 2nd degree murder – intentional killing without premeditating or planning

o Voluntary manslaughter - intentionally killing in the heat of the moment, often

provoked

o Involuntary manslaughter – unintentional killing, results from recklessness or

criminal negligence

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Critical criminology- theory that examines the socio-economic and political structures that contribute to criminal behavior o Structural inequality- social, economic, and political structures in fostering inequality, which can lead to criminal behavior o Power relations- examine how power in a society contributed to the definition of crime and the enforcement of laws o Root cases- addresses the root cause of criminal behavior rather than solely punishing offenders
Labeling theory – societal reactions to individuals and their actions influence the development of criminal identities o Social Labels – individuals may be labeled as criminal based on behavior and this influences their self-concept and future actions o Primary deviance – first rule breaking or criminal behavior that may not lead to a criminal identity o Secondary deviance – repeated criminal behavior that arises as a result of being labeled and treated as a criminal ▪ Amplification of deviance – individual's continued interaction with the criminal justice system that escalated and reinforces deviant behavior ▪ Stigmatization – societal labeling and negative perception of an individual, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy of continues deviance
Shaming theory – role of shame and public humiliation preventing and controlling criminal behavior o Disintegrative shaming – ostracizing and stigmatizing the offender o Reintegrative shaming – encouraging the offender to reintegrate into society o Stigmatization impact - public's rection to an offender that can discourage or encourage future criminal behavior
Conflict theory – role of social and economic inequality in creating conditions conductive to crime o Social inequality – crime is a product of social and economic disparities, with certain groups having more power and resources to define and enforce laws o Criminal justice as a tool of the powerful – criminal justice system viewed as to control and oppress marginalized groups o Critique of legal definitions – examines legal definitions of crime may be of interest to those in power, reinforcing social inequalities
Murder- unlawful killing of another person with intent, malice and premeditation o 1 st^ degree murder - intentional and premeditated killing with malice aforethought o 2 nd^ degree murder – intentional killing without premeditating or planning o Voluntary manslaughter - intentionally killing in the heat of the moment, often provoked o Involuntary manslaughter – unintentional killing, results from recklessness or criminal negligence

Killer- individual who has killed another person o Serial killers – commit a series of murders over time with a colling period in between o Mass murderers- kill multiple people in a single incident o Spree killers – commit multiple murders in a short time, often n different locations
Workplace violence – act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening behavior at a work site o Types – verbal abuse, physical assaults, homicides o Causes – job related stress, interpersonal conflicts, external factors o Prevention – security measures, conflict resolution programs, fostering a supportive work environment
Sexual Assault – nonconsensual sexual act or behavior that involves unwanted physical contact or coercion o Characteristics ▪ Power and control – driven by a desire of power and control over the victim ▪ Opportunistic behavior- act on impulse, taking advantage of opportunities ▪ Repeat offending – may engage in repeated criminal behavior
Robber – taking or attempting to take property from someone else by force or threat of force, o Professional robbers- plan and execute robberies as a primary source of income o Opportunistic robbers – commit robberies spontaneously, often due immediate financial needs o Drug motivated robbers – obtain money for drug habits
Child abuse – mistreatment or neglect of children, encompassing physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect o Physical abuse – inflicting physical harm or injury o Emotional abuse – causing emotional distress or mental harm o Sexual abuse – exploitation of a child for sexual gratification
Criminal careers – longitudinal sequence of offences committed by an individual over their lifetime o Onset – examining when criminal behavior begins o Desistance – understanding why and when criminal behavior decreases o Persisters vs. Desisters – some individuals persist in criminal behavior, while others desist over time.
Range of involvement in Property Crime – offenses that involve the unlawful acquisition or destruction of someone else’s property o Petty theft – minor thefts, low value items o Shoplifting – theft from retail establishments without confrontation ▪ Opportunistic shoplifting – spontaneous theft without premeditation, due to a perceived opportunity

o Appeal to higher loyalties – prioritizing loyalty to a group or cause over societal norms

Crimes against government o Treason – betrayal of one’s own country, acts that aid enemy o Espionage – spying on government or its agents o Sedition – actions that incite rebellion or resistance
Crimes by a government o State-sponsored terrorism – government involved in terrorism o Corruption – abuse of power for personal gain o Human Rights Violations – actions that infringe on the basic rights of its citizens
Brainwashing – use of manipulative techniques to alter an individual’s believes, attitudes or behaviors
Genocide – intentional and systematic exterminations of a national, ethical, racial or religious group
Sub rosa crime – clandestine or covert criminal activities conducted secretly or without attracting attention
Terrorism – use of violence, intimidation, or the threat of violence to instill fear, coerce, or achieve political, ideological, religious or social objectives
Types of organized crime o Mafia- organized crime groups associated with ethnic backgrounds with a hierarchical structure, codes of silence and involvement in criminal enterprises o Drug cartel – organizations focused on production, transportation and distribution of illegal drugs o Street gangs- groups involved in criminal activities such as drug trafficking, extortion and violence at local level o White collar criminal organizations- sophisticated white collar crimes o Terrorist organizations – entities using violence and intimidation to achieve political, ideological or religious goals
Organized crime continuum - spectrum of criminal activities that range from loosely connected groups to criminal enterprises o Disorganized crime – informal, loosely connected with minimal structure or coordination o Organized crime – structured criminal enterprises with hierarchies, division of labor and specialized roles o Transnational organized crimes – criminal networks that operate across national borders
Nature of Organized crimes o Hierarchy – organized crime groups often have a hierarchical structure with leaders, underbosses, and various ranks. o Specialization- different members have specific roles and responsibilities o Criminal enterprises – involved in various illegal activities o Corruption – infiltration of legitimate institutions to protect and facilitate criminal activities

o Violence – use of force or threats to maintain control, protect interests, or eliminate rivals

CJ 220 - Study Guide MSU, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Criminology

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