Class 1 ekc 271 macromolecules students, Thesis of Biotechnology

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EKC 271 Biotechnology for Engineers (Bioteknologi Untuk Jurutera)

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Dr. Masrina Mohd Nadzir [email protected] Room: 2. Extension: 6427

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Ground Rules

Topics

• Cell metabolic pathways
• Sterilization

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Cell Metabolic Pathways

• Macromolecules-carbohydrate, fatty acid, amino acid, nucleic acid
• Bioenergetics, glucose metabolism- glycolysis and the TCA cycle
• Oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
• Other metabolic pathways

(Topics will be taught in no particular sequence)

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The 3 stages of catabolism

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1 st^ stage:

• The breakdown and degradation of macromolecules into their simplest unit (monomer) either through intracellular catabolism or during digestion

Macromolecule

Biological Macromolecule

All biological macro-molecule are made up of a small number of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

Major source of energy.

Reserved as food material in

humans and in plants

Components of several animal

structure and plant structures

Involved in cell-cell interaction.

Chemical nature

• Polyhydroxy alcohols with a functional aldehyde or keto group
• They are represented with general formulae Cn(H 2 O)n.

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Monosaccharide

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• All the monosaccharides except dihydroxyacetone contain at least one asymmetric carbon atom and hence they exhibit optical isomerism (aka enantiomers )

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• Functional isomers have same molecular formulae but differ in their functional groups.
• E.g., glucose and fructose have same molecular formulae C 6 H 12 O 6 , but glucose contains aldehyde as functional group and fructose contains keto group