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Lets know how our “BODY” works © The basis function performed by living organisms to maintain their life on this Earth, @) These include nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion. | J T ! | 4 Nutrition Respiration Digestion Transportation Excretion vd Nutrition: The process of intoke of nutrients (like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals , vitamin and water) by an organism as well as the utilization of these nutrients by the organism. _» Nutrients: Group of food in which protein, fats, vitamins and minerals are involved is called nutrients. © Autor: i¢ Nutrition The process by which organism synthesize its own food from simple inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water present in the surrounding environment is called as autotrophic nutrition. * Eg Green Plants and Bacteria ® Heterotrophic Nutrition * Organisms that can't synthesize there own food from simple inorganic substonces and obtain there own food from other organisms , this process is called heterotrophic nutrition. ® Eg- Animals and fungi « The process by which green plants takes in inerganic substonces like CARBON DIOXIDE (COz) and WATER (H20) and convert them into food (like glucose) in the presence of SUNLIGHT and CHLOROPHYLL is called 1. Sunlight 2. Chlorophyll 3. Carbon Dioxide 4. Water () Absorption of Light Energy by Chlorophyll. @ Conversion of Light Energy to Chemical Energy and spitting of Water molecules into Hydrogen and Oxygen @ Reduction of Carbon Dioxide by Hydrogen to form Carbohydrates like Glucose. Ques) Were do plants get each of the raw malenals regerea for photosynthess? Saprophytic Nutrition In this the erganism ebtains its nutrition fram decaying organic matter of the dead Plants and Animals Eg, Fungi Parasitic Nutrition Holozoic Nutrition In this the organism takes in Complex organic food by a process called Ingestion, which is then digested and absorbed into the body and waste, undigested part is thrawn out of the body through Egestion. In this organism obtains food fram the body of another living organisms (host) without killing it. Eg, Lice, Ticks etc. Eg. Amoeba, Man, Dog ete. - Amoeba tokes in food using temporary finger like extensions of the cell surface called as Pseudopodia -Pseudopodio fuse over food particle performing a food - vacuole - Various enzymes from cytoplasm enter into food vacuole and breaks down complex substances into simpler ones. @ Absorption - - The simple soluble food is absorbed by cytoplasm of Amocba through the process of diffusion. @ Egestion- t Food vacucle Food particle - The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out, Paramecium is on unicellulor organism, the cell has definite shape ) and food is taken in at a specific spot by the movement ef Cilia +Food pashele which cover the entire surface of the cell. - The food is ingested through mouth. - Teeth crushes and breaks down food into smaller pieces. - The process of Digestion starts from Mouth. - The salivary glands secrete Seliva which contains an enzyme called salivary amylase which digest the sterch present in food into Sugar. ‘Qesophagus / Food pipe + The walls of oesophagus show peristaltic movement (Rhythmic contraction ond relaxation of muscles) which pushes the food forward into the Stomach. i) Lipase - Breaks down emulsified fat. ii) Trypsin - Digests Protein. a The wells of small intestine contains glands which secrets Intestinal juice. «Intestinal Juice contains enzyme which convert :- The process of absorption starts in small Intestine Mii Small finger - like projections which increase “the surface area for absorplin and are richly suppked with blood vessels which take absorbed food to each and every cell of body i." i}, - The inner surface of small intestine has millions of villi which absorbs nutrients from digested food pasaene + Unabserbed food reaches iarge Intestine where more villi absorb water. Anus - Rest of the undigested food is removed from anus Detailed Diagram of Digestive System On Next Page ae Respirg - Th i i process of Feleasing Snergy from food is called Respiration, - The process of respiration takes place inside the cells of the bady. How Released During Respiration is - The (ii) When the cell needs energy, energy. then ATP can be broken down using water to release ~ The Energy equivalent te 30.5kJ/mole is released in this process. 1. Aerobic Respiration - The Respiration which uses oxyger is called serebic respiration. - Glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water in presence of oxygen. Presence of Giycose In Pyruvate oxygen — + 3—s C02 H+ Energy ( 38 ATP) (@ carbon “Cytoplasm™ (3 cerbor molecule) molecule) a - Most of the orgonisms carry out Aerobic Respiration for Eg:- Man, Dogs, Earthworms etc. 2. Angerobic Respiration - Respiration which takes place without oxygen is called Anaerobic respiration. - Glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water in presence of oxygen. (i) Micre-organisms like yeast break down glucose into ethanol and carbon-dioxide, ond release the energy. Absence of Glucose In Pyruvate oxygen ae" (6 cart “Tepe” GB ah = Ethane! « CO, + 2ATP molecule) molecule) - This process is known as Fermentation. (ii) Anoerobic Respiration takes place in our muscles during vigorous physical exercise. Absence of Glucose Tr Pyruvate oxygen ; / (écarben “Cyteplasm (3 carben Pa IER Lactic Acid « 2ATP mnlacula) molecule) alla) - This causes Muscle Cramps. Ques) Differentiate between Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration. ‘4)Trachea 9 - Trachea isa tube which is commonly is called wind pipe. - Itis composed of rings of cartilage which prevent the collapse of trachea in the absence of air. '5)Bronchi - The trachea divides into two smaller tubes called “Bronchi". The two bronchi are connected to the lungs. 6) Lungs = The lungs lie in chest cavity which is sepcreted from abdominal cavity by a muscular partition diaphragm, - The lungs are enclosed ina "Rib Cage” made of bones called "Ribs". 7) Bronchioles- Each bronchus divides into smaller tubes called “Brenchioles”. 8)Alveoli = =- These are Air-Sacs at the end of "bronchioles". - Its walls are very thin and they are surrounded by thin blood capillaries. - Gaseous exchange takes place inside alveoli. - Millions of alveeli in the lungs provide large area for the exchange of gases. Detailed Diagram of Human Respiratory System On Next Page Human Body: Respiratory System The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange—the inhalation of oxygen (0,) and the exhalation of carbon dioxide (CO.,). The lungs, conducting airways, and the diaphragm are key structures of the system. Lungs and Diaphragm Human lungs are sponge-like organs found in the thoracic (chest) cavity. The right lung has 3 lobes and is larger ‘than the bilobed left tung, as the heart ‘OCCUpies more space on the left side. The diaphragm is a domed, sheet-like Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. oo) att deted dev aagy Breathing During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, and air is pulled through the conducting airways into the lungs. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes, and air is pushed from the fungs. Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoll Air enters the lungs from the trachea through the right and left bronchus. These branching airways lead to bronchioles and end in microscopic air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are the sites of gas exchange between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. CAROLINA Respiration inLeaves —————> Through Stomata Respiration in Green Stem —.. Through Stomata Respiration in Woody Stem ——~ Through Lenticel (i) During the day, COz genercted during respiration is used up for photosynthesis, hence there is no COz release. Instead ( é is the major event at this time. (ii) At night, When there is no photosynthesis occurring, Oz eliminatian is the major exchange activity going on. 7" Take O2 NIGHT “ Give CO; Heart pumps blood around the body. It is triangular in shape and roughly the size of our ‘closed fist’. ~ Human heart has four chambers . + The upper two chambers are called Atrium end lower two chambers are called Ventricles. - These chambers ore separated by a partition called "Septum". - Valves present inside heort prevents the backflow of blood. 4) When the muscle of all the four chambers are in relaxed state, the pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from the lungs inte the left atrium. 2) Oxygenated blood is pushed from the left atrium to left ventricle. 3) The muscles of left ventricle contract and the blood is pushed through Aorta (largest artery) to the whole body (except lungs). The oxygenated blood reaches the cells of the different body organs where the process of respiration takes place. Due te this oxygenated blood - Fishes heve o two-chambered heart and thus show single circulation. - Lymphatic system contains lymph which is another type of fluid involved in transportation. - Lymph is colourless and contains less protein than blood. - Lymphatic system carries digested end cbsorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from celluler space back into the blood - Lymphatic system plays role in the immunity of cur body. Detailed Diagram of Human Circulatory System On Next Page Human Body: cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system circulates blood through the body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels—arteries, capillaries, and veins. As blood flows through these vessels, it delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing carbon dioxide and waste products from them. The human heart The human heart isa muscular pump about the size of a human fist. It has 4 chambers—2 atria and ? ventricles. It has 4 heart vabves. Two are located between the chambers and 2 exit the heart, preventing the backflow of blood. fight atrium: left airum right ventricle { left ventricle waste products are removed. Blood then travels through venules and into larger veins that cary it back to the heart. arteriole t Cyenule The 2 circulation loops Pulmonary The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-deficient blood to the lungs where it releases CO, and becomes oxygenated. Thés blood then retumns to the heart. Pathway: night atrium — right ventricle — lungs — left atrium Systemic The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated binod to body tissues where if delivers 0, and picks up CO, and other waste products. This deoxygenated blood then travels back fo the heart where it begins the aww GARQLINA night atrium www.carolina.com 
