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M4: Review and Reflect
Due No due date
Points 5
Questions 12
Time Limit None
Instructions
Review and Reflect questions give you an opportunity to pause and reflect on the content of the module as well as your understanding of the material. These review and reflect questions serve as a review for the module exam. If you can answer these questions in your own words, you should be well-prepared for the exam.
Attempt History
Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 12 minutes 5 out of 5
Score for this quiz: 5 out of 5
Submitted Mar 20 at 3:43pm This attempt took 12 minutes.
Question 1
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A. Spell out and define the following terms: UCS, CS, UCR, CR.
B. Describe what occurs in each of the three stages of classical conditioning. Your Answer: UCS - Unconditioned Stimulus CS - Conditioned Stimulus UCR-Unconditioned Response CR - Conditioned Response B - 1 - Before Conditioning - Dog salivates in response to smelling the food 2 - Conditioning - bell and food presented together 3 - After Conditioning - bell elicits salvation in response in dog A. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)—an unlearned stimulus Conditioned Stimulus (CS)—the stimulus that comes to elicit a certain response because it was associated with the UCS. Unconditioned Response (UCR)—an unlearned response. Conditioned Response (CR)—the learned response to the CS. B.
**1. Before conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus elicits the unconditioned response.
- During conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is paired with the conditioned stimulus.
- After conditioning, the conditioned stimulus can elicit a conditioned response. Question 2**
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Which part of the bio-psycho-social model best describes classical conditioning? Why? Your Answer: biological constraints in classical conditioning The biological aspect is the best way to describe classical conditioning because this form of learning does not rely on thinking. It’s a pairing of a new stimulus with a biological reflex.
The purpose of reinforcement is to encourage behavior to occur again. The purpose of punishment is to discourage behavior from occurring again. B. Positive reinforcement---to give something for the purpose of strengthening and rewarding the behavior. Negative reinforcement—to take something bad or annoying away for the purpose of strengthening and rewarding the behavior. Positive punishment—to give something negative for the purpose of weakening and punishing the behavior. Negative punishment—to take away a privilege for the purpose of weakening and punishing the behavior. Question 6
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Define the following: continuous reinforcement, intermittent reinforcement, primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer. Your Answer: continuous - is a reinforcement that continuously happens with a good behavior Intermittent - happens at random - is not fixed Primary reinforcer - is the main thing given to reinforce a good behavior Secondary reinforcer - is a secondary thing given to reinforce the behavior Continuous reinforcement is handed out each time the desired behavior occurs. Intermittent reinforcement is handed out most of the times a desired behavior occurs. Primary reinforcers have an innate basis, while Secondary reinforcers are learned. Question 7
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Imagine that you want to train a dog to come when you call its name. Using operant conditioning principles, how would you make sure the dog learned? Be specific in naming the principles and describing the process. Your Answer:
Using rewards to change behavior. Give a treat when the dog reacts and comes when you call his name. You can do this by trial and error as well. Reinforcements would be the most effective method Reinforcement of every time the dog turns toward you at calling its name by providing something the animal enjoys (positive reinforcement), perhaps food (primary reinforcer). Once it turns to its name, reinforcement should only happen when the fully desired behavior is shown (shaping). Although the initial reinforcement may need to be continuous, once the learning is established, reinforcement can move to intermittent reinforcement patterns. Question 8
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Define social learning. How is Albert Bandura's "Bobo Doll" study an example of social learning? Your Answer: observational learning - learning by imitation The doll video of an adult punching, hitting, and kicking the doll. Children who were shown this video were more aggressive than children who did not see the video Learning by imitation. Bandura had an adult punch, kick, and beat a clown doll. Children were shown a video of this activity. Bandura found that the kids who had watched the video were far more likely to show aggression toward the doll than children who had not seen the video. Question 9
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What is the current conclusion about violent TV viewing and children? Your Answer: it can contribute to increasing violence in schools Violent TV does not make the average child more aggressive; the imitation seems to be temporary. However, there may be cause for concern for children who do not have good parental supervision and who watch excessive and inappropriate violent TV. Question 10
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Did Tolman and Kohler’s animal subjects show more advanced and cognitive examples of learning than occurs in classical or operant conditioning? Explain.
