Understanding Expectations and Valence in Cognitive Motivation, Slides of Social Psychology

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Cognitive Motivation: Expectancy

Value Approaches

Chapter 8

What is Motivation?

 Motivation is defined as an internal state that

induces a person to engage in particular

behaviors

 Work motivation theories are concerned with

the reasons why some people perform their

job better than others.

Tolman’s Purposive

Behaviorism

 Holistic Study of Behavior vs reductionist

(Hull)

 Molar Behavior

 Persistent (behaviors continues until the goal is reached)  Consistent Pattern (behavior is not random)  Selectivity (behavior is specific and directed)

Tolman’s Purposive

Behaviorism

 Purpose and Cognition

 Behaviors that are directly observed not inference……..cat clawing  Learning-performance distinction…finding a hotel  Expectancies (behaviors lead to goals)  Cognitive Map (where goals scan be found)  Chain of responses instead of 1 stimulus lead to 1 response  Place learning vs response learning

Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory

 The Person

 S= sensory information  M= Motor Output  I-P = Inner Personal Region  Tension  Psychological Needs  Physiological Needs  Locomotion  Homeostatic in nature: Boundaries permeable and non-permeable

S-M

I-P

Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory

 The Psychological Environment

 Psychological Facts-Knowledge  Valence

 Problems

 Definitions  Facts Change  Post Hoc  Lacked Controls

S-M I-P

Food at the Restaurant

Cook Leftovers in the Fridge

Social Learning

 Influences on Behavior

 Internal Factors-knowledge experience  External Factors

 Important Concepts (Rotter, 1954)

 Reinforcement Value  Subjective Estimates of obtaining particular reinforcers  Situational factors (past)  Generalized expectations (future)

Social Learning

 B = E X V

 Heuristics: Mental Short Cuts

 Continuum of internality-externality

 Locus of control scale

Expectancy Value Theory &

Need for Achievement

 Ms – motive for success; Maf-motive to avoid failure; Ps probability of success; Is – incentive value

 If Ms > Maf then APPROACH ACHSituations

 If Maf > Ms then AVOID ACHSituations

 Ps and Is vary from situation to situation  Easy tasks maximize Ps  Difficult Tasks maximize Is

Expectancy Value Theory &

Need for Achievement

 Criticisms of Need for Achievement  Lack of replication (task difficulty)  Ms and Maf difficult to understand  Need for Ach may be complicated and multi dimensional in nature

 Revisions

 Intrinsic vs extrinsic: High Ms low Maf achieved higher grades

 Performance goals vs mastery goals (Dweck 1986)

Theory of Planned Behavior

 Intentions provide us with information whether or not to perform a given action and how much effort will one expend.

Theory of Planned Behavior

 Link between perceived behavioral control to

behavior is dotted..

 Ease or difficulty to achieve behavioral outcomes  Past Behaviors  Ability to overcome obstacles

Theory of Planned Behavior

 Applications-quitting to smoke, exercising,

academic dishonesty, gambling etc

 Limitations

 Difficult to quantify accurately  Relative importance of each belief is lost  Adding additional predictors complicate the model

Difference

 Locus of control vs Perceived Behavioral

Control???