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Cork Institute of Technology
Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Software Development and Computer
Networking – Award
(NFQ Level 8)
Autumn 2007
Artificial Intelligence
(Time: 2 Hours)
Answer any TWO questions (All questions carry equal marks).
Examiners: Dr. J. Buckley Mr. A. Kinsella Mr. P. Rothwell
- (a) Outline the physical symbol system hypothesis. [8 marks]
Briefly discuss its importance. [6 marks]
Briefly define a knowledge representation language. [4 marks]
(b) The Frame Problem is seen as a serious impasse for logic-based knowledge representation. Fully explain the frame problem using examples. [18 marks]
(c) Hubert Dreyfus criticises attempts to represent common-sense knowledge using a formal propositional knowledge representation language. Describe and explain the argument he gives in support of his criticism. [14 marks] [Total: 50 marks]
- (a) List and explain the essentials of the state-space representation of search problems used in artificial intelligence. [12 marks]
Define the full state-space representation that you would use in attempting to solve the following “missionaries and cannibals problem.” (Do not bother with solving the problem) [10 marks]
3 missionaries and 3 cannibals are on one side of a river. They have one boat that can carry a maximum of two people either way. The boat must be manned. Find a way to get them all to the other side without ever allowing the cannibals to outnumber the missionaries on a bank.
(b) With the aid of pseudocode, fully explain the A* search algorithm. [18 marks] (c) Briefly discuss each of the following with reference to the A* algorithm: efficiency, optimality, the source of heuristics, the role of heuristics, admissible heuristics_._ [10 marks] [Total: 50 marks]
- (a) Write out and fully explain Nilsson’s algorithm for searching for optimal solution trees in AND/OR graphs. [20 marks]
(b) Show and explain a trace of the operation of Nilsson’s algorithm on the following AND/OR graph. The costs of the paths are shown below; assume all initial heuristic values h(n)=1. Make sure to show how the algorithm you described in part (a) achieves the results you show in part (b).
[30 marks] [Total: 50 marks]
