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Cork Institute of Technology
Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Software Development and
Computer Networking – Award
(NFQ Level 8)
Summer 2007
Artificial Intelligence
(Time: 2 Hours)
Answer any TWO questions (All questions carry equal marks).
Examiners: Dr. Jim Buckley Mr. Austin Kinsella Mr. P. Rothwell
- (a) Outline the physical symbol system hypothesis. [8 marks]
Briefly discuss its importance. [6 marks]
(b) Briefly define a knowledge representation language. [4 marks]
List and briefly explain the four important properties of a good representational formalism. [4 marks]
With the aid of examples, briefly discuss the influence of a problem’s representation on its ease of solution. [8 marks]
(c) The Frame Problem is seen as a serious impasse for logic-based knowledge representation. Fully explain the frame problem using examples. [20 marks] [Total: 50 marks]
- (a) Write pseudocode to describe the Hill Climbing search algorithm. [16 marks]
(b) Show and explain a trace of the operation of the Hill Climbing algorithm you described on the 8-tile puzzle below (use the following heuristic: score 1 for each tile out of place). Be careful to demonstrate how the algorithm achieves the result you show.
initial state goal state
[16 marks]
(c) With the aid of examples, discuss the hill climbing algorithm under the following headings: ‘foothills,’ ‘plateaux’ and ‘ridges .’ [18 marks] [Total: 50 marks]
- (a) The minimax algorithm can be used by a program playing a two-player game. With the aid of examples and pseudocode, fully describe the general operation of the algorithm and how it is used. [20 marks]
(b) The performance of the minimax algorithm can be improved using alpha-beta pruning. Using examples to illustrate, fully explain the operation of both alpha- and beta- pruning. [20 marks]
(c) Minimax assumes the existence of a heuristic function which can give an indication of the goodness of a game state. Inventing such heuristics involves the credit assignment problem. Briefly explain this problem and discuss its importance. [10 marks] [Total: 50 marks]
