Embedded Systems: Computer Architectures and Application Areas, Slides of Information and Computer Technology

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Computer Architectures

for Embedded Systems

Embedded Systems Overview

• Computing systems are everywhere

• Most of us think of “desktop” computers

- Personal computers

- Laptops

- Mainframes

- Servers

• But there is another type of computing system

- Far more common…

“An embedded system is a computer designed

for specific control functions within a larger

system, often with real-time computing

constraints. “

“It is embedded as a part of a complete device

often including hardware

and mechanical parts.”

• Embedded Systems overview
  • What are they?
  • Application Areas
• Computer Architectures for Embedded Systems
  • Microprocessor
  • Microcontroller
  • ASIP
  • ASIC
  • FPGA
• Embedded Software Architectures
• Trend in Embedded System Design
  • “The Internet of Things”
• Conclusion

Embedded Systems Application

Anti-lock brakes Auto-focus cameras Automatic teller machines Automatic toll systems Automatic transmission Avionic systems Battery chargers Camcorders Cell phones Cell-phone base stations Cordless phones Cruise control Curbside check-in systems Digital cameras Disk drives Electronic card readers Electronic instruments Electronic toys/games Factory control Fingerprint identifiers Home security systems Life-support systems Medical testing systems

Modems MPEG decoders Network cards Network switches/routers On-board navigation Photocopiers Point-of-sale systems Portable video games Printers Satellite phones Scanners Smart ovens/dishwashers Speech recognizers Stereo systems Teleconferencing systems Televisions Temperature controllers Theft tracking systems TV set-top boxes VCR’s, DVD players Video game consoles Video phones Washers and dryers

PC Embedded

• The classic microprocessor is a chip that contains just

a processor, nowadays usually with integrated caches

and sometimes memory controller.

• Current processors have multiple cores

• ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash memory for program and

operating parameter storage

• Discrete input and output bits

• Serial communication interfaces: Serial Peripheral Interface

• Timers, event counters, watchdog timer

• Clock generator

• AD/DA converters

• In-circuit programming and debugging support

Structural Features:

• Processing cores

• Control logic

• Memory blocks: ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flash

• Peripheral devices

• Buses

5. FPGAs

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays

Structural Features:

• Contain an array of “logic blocks”

• Configurable by the customer

• I/O pads

• Routing channels

Embedded Systems

Architectures:

65816, 65C02, 68HC08, 68HC11,

68k, 78K0R/78K0, 8048, 8051,

ARM, AVR, AVR32, Blackfin, C167,

Coldfire, COP8, Cortus APS3, eZ8,

eZ80, FR-V, H8, HT48, M16C,

M32C, MIPS, MSP430, PIC,

PowerPC, R8C, RL78, SHARC,

SPARC, ST6, SuperH, TLCS-47,

TLCS-870, TLCS-900, TriCore,

V850, x86, XE8000, Z80, AsAP and

others.

“Desktop”-like Computer Architecture:

_1. Round Robin:

2. Round Robin with interrupts:
3. Function Queue Scheduling:
4. Real-Time Operating System:_

The most important trend in embedded systems

-Predicted in 1965 by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore