Introduction-Embedded Systems-Lecture 01 Slides-Electrical and Computer Engineering, Slides of Embedded Systems

Introduction to Embedded Systems, Embedded System, Processor Characteristics, Microcontrollers, Digital Signal Processors, DSP, Design Opportunities, Physical Characteristics, Consumer Electronics, Household Appliances, Home Automation, Automotive Embedded Systems, Anti lock Braking System, ABS, Embedded Systems Programs, Read Only Memory, Flash Memory, Microprocessor, Microcontroller, Development Tools, Reliability, Architectures, Embedded Systems, Lecture Slides, Dr Jeff Jackson, Department of

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Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1-1 Electrical & Computer Engineering Embedded Systems
Embedded Systems
Introduction to Embedded Systems
Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1-2 Electrical & Computer Engineering Embedded Systems
What is an Embedded System?
A computing system designed to perform one or more
specific functions with specific system constraints
Example constraints may include:
Physical
Size limited space for electronic or mechanical components
Weight flight-based systems as an example
Power limited power supply (battery, solar only, zero power
footprint, energy harvesting only systems, etc.)
Time time constraints on code execution, system response
Cost
It is embedded in the sense that it is part of a larger
system often including both electronic and mechanical
components
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Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 1

Embedded Systems

Introduction to Embedded Systems

Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 2

What is an Embedded System?

• A computing system designed to perform one or more

specific functions with specific system constraints

• Example constraints may include:

– Physical

• Size – limited space for electronic or mechanical components

• Weight – flight-based systems as an example

– Power – limited power supply (battery, solar only, zero power

footprint, energy harvesting only systems, etc.)

– Time – time constraints on code execution, system response

– Cost

• It is embedded in the sense that it is part of a larger

system often including both electronic and mechanical

components

Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 3

Embedded Systems Processor

Characteristics

  • Embedded systems are controlled by one or more

main processing cores [1]:

  • Microcontrollers
  • Digital signal processors (DSP)
  • A key characteristic is being dedicated to handle a

particular task

  • May require a single, very simple microcontroller
    • A 4-bit microcontroller acting as the window control unit in an

automobile

  • May require many, very powerful processors
    • Avionics control system for jet aircraft Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 4

Design Opportunities in Embedded Systems

  • Since embedded systems are dedicated to specific

tasks:

  • Design engineers can optimize it to:
    • Reduce the size and cost of the product and
    • Increase the reliability and performance 1983 Cell Phone 2010 Cell Phone

Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 7

Example Automotive Embedded Systems

  • Automobiles, electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles

are increasingly using embedded systems to:

  • Maximize efficiency and reduce pollution
  • Other automotive systems include:
  • Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
  • Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP)
  • Traction control (TCS)
  • Automatic four-wheel drive
  • Tire pressure sensing system
  • Automatic parallel parking system
  • Entertainment system
  • OnStar ® systems Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 8

Example Anti-lock Braking System

Architecture [2]

Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 9

Example Embedded Systems and the

Processor Architecture Used

NASA Mars Sojourner Rover

(1997) – Intel 8085 8-bit microprocessor

Vendo Vending Machine – M68HC

Sonicare Plus Toothbrush – Zilog Z8 8-bit microprocessor

Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 10

Early Embedded Systems History [1]

• One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the

Apollo Guidance Computer

– Developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation

Laboratory

– Employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated circuits to

reduce the size and weight

• An early mass-produced embedded system was the Autonetics D-

17 guidance computer for the Minuteman missile, released in

– Built from transistor logic and had a hard disk for main memory

– When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was

replaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of

integrated circuits

– This program alone reduced prices on quad NAND gate ICs from

$1000/each to $3/each, permitting their use in commercial products

• The first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was designed

for calculators and other small systems but still required many

external memory and support chips.

Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 13

Processors in Embedded Systems

• Embedded processors can be broken into two broad

categories

– Ordinary microprocessors (μP) and

– Microcontrollers (μC), which have many more peripherals on chip,

reducing cost and size

• Contrasting to the personal computer and server markets, a

fairly large number of basic CPU architectures are used

– Von Neumann as well as various degrees of Harvard architectures

– RISC as well as non-RISC and VLIW

• Word lengths vary from 4-bit to 64-bits and beyond (mainly

in DSP processors) although the most typical remain 8/16-bit

• Most architectures come in a large number of different

variants and shapes, many of which are also manufactured

by several different companies

Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 14

Typical Embedded Systems Peripherals

• Embedded Systems talk with the outside world

via peripherals

– Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS- 485 etc.

– Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, SPI

– Universal Serial Bus (USB)

– Multi Media Cards (SD Cards, Compact Flash etc.)

– Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network, etc.

– Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units

– Discrete IO: General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)

– Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)

– Debugging: JTAG, BDM Port, etc

Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 15

Embedded System Development Tools

• Use of compilers, assemblers, and debuggers to develop

embedded system software (ours will be GNU-based)

• More specific tools might include:

– In circuit debuggers

– A checksum or CRC added to a program or data (validity check)

– For DSP systems, developers may use a math workbench such

MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the mathematics

– Custom compilers and linkers for optimization for the particular

hardware (C2H, etc.)

– An embedded system may have its own special language or design

tool, or add enhancements to an existing language

– Another alternative is to add a real-time operating

system or embedded operating system

– Modeling and code generating tools often based on state machines

Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 16

Embedded System Reliability

• Embedded systems are commonly expected to run

continuously for years without errors, and possibly

recover by themselves if an error occurs

• Software is usually developed and tested more carefully

than that for personal computers

• Specific reliability issues may include:

– The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too

inaccessible to repair

• Space systems, undersea cables, navigational beacons, and

automobiles.

– The system must be operational for safety reasons

• Aircraft navigation, reactor control systems, safety-critical chemical

factory controls, train signals, engines on single-engine aircraft

– The system will lose large amounts of money when shut down:

• Telephone switches, factory controls, bridge and elevator controls,

funds transfer

Electrical & Computer Engineering – Embedded Systems Dr. Jeff Jackson Lecture 1- 19

References

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system

2. http://www.ireference.ca/search/brake-by-wire/

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_Linux

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CE