Computer basic - information and communication technology, Essays (university) of Information Technology

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Introduction to

Computers

What is a Computer?

• A computer is an electronic device

that operates under the control of a

set of instructions that is stored in its

memory unit. A computer accepts

data from an input device and

processes it into useful information

which it displays on its output device.

ICT1101/FND

• Fundamentals of Computing 2

Basic Functions of a Computer

• Input – Data and instruction fed into the computer
• Process – Converting data or the comparisons and calculations made on data
• Output – result from the process (Information)
• Storage – store the results for later retrieval ICT/FND
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Basic Parts of Computer Computer Hardware Input Devices Processing Output Devices Storage Software Live ware ICT/FND

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• Information – Information is processed data which has a meaning.
• Process - the collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful information.
• Instruction - an instruction is a segment of code that contains steps that need to be executed by the computer processor. For example, if you were to ask the computer to draw a square it would need a set of instruction in order to complete the task.
• Programme - A set of instructions that a computer system uses to process data.
• Peripheral devices - A computer device, such as a CD-ROM drive or printer, that is not part of the essential computer, i.e., the memory and microprocessor. Peripheral devices can be external -- such as a mouse, keyboard, printer, monitor or scanner -- or internal, such as a CD-ROM drive, CD-R drive or internal modem. Internal peripheral devices are often referred to as integrated peripherals. ICT/FND - Fundamentals of Computing 7

Characteristics Of Computer

• Speed
• Accuracy
• Diligence
• Versatility
• Power of Remembering
• No IQ

• No Feeling ICT/FND

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… Characteristics of Computer… Accuracy…

• Works with the highest Accuracy
• Accuracy depends upon the “Design of Computer”
• Errors occurred are mostly “Human Errors” rather than “Technological Errors”
• Human Errors are like wrong command, inaccurate data input etc ICT/FND - Fundamentals of Computing 10

…Characteristics of Computer… Diligence…

• Free from “Monotony”
• Free from “Tiredness”
• Free from lack of “Concentration”
• Speed and Accuracy of first calculation will be the same as millionth calculation in a row ICT/FND - Fundamentals of Computing 11

… Characteristics of Computer… Power of Remembering…

• Unlike human being Computer can store tremendous/huge amount of data
• Can recall required data even stored years before in no time
• Doesn't differentiate “Important” & “Not Important”
• Loss or Deletion of data is done by User ICT/FND
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… Characteristics of Computer… No IQ…

• Not a thinking machine
• Not Intelligent
• Never does a task at its own
• Follow human Instructions ICT/FND
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History Of Computers

• ABACUS was invented in china (3000 BC )  Adding Machine was invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 ICT/FND - Fundamentals of Computing 16

• Analytical Engine was invented by Charles Babbage (Farther of Computer) in 1833 The logical structure of the modern computer is considered to have come from this invention. ICT/FND

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**SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS ( 1956 - 1963 ) 1)Vacuum tubes replaced with Transistors.

2. smaller than the first generation 3 ) faster in comparison with the first generation computers.
3. generated less heat and were less prone to failure. 5 ) less computational time. 6 ) Assembly language was used for programming. 7 ) faster input/output devices.** Eg: IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM 1401, ATLAS and Mark III ICT/FND

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**THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1964 - 1971)

1. IC was used instead of transistors 2 ) smaller in size and cheaper than second generation computers. 3 ) fast and more reliable. 4 ) High level language was developed. 5 ) Magnetic core and solid states as main storage. 6 ) reduced computational time and had low maintenance cost. 7 ) Input/Output devices became more sophisticated**. Eg: PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360 and IBM 370 ICT/FND

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