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CAP-170 Fundamental of

Information Technology

UNIT-

Dr. Sakshi Gupta

**School of Computer Applications Lovely Professional University** 1

(^2) What is computer..?

Evolution of Computers  (^) Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642.  (^) Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880.  (^) Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital computers.  (^) He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822  (^) He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions 4

The Five Generations of

Computers

The Five Generations of

Computers

5

Generations of Computer  (^) The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful machine.  (^) The evolution of computer to the current state is defined in terms of the generations of computer.  (^) Each generation of computer is designed based on a new technological development, resulting in better, cheaper and smaller computers that are more powerful, faster and efficient than their predecessors. 7

First Generation Computers (1940-1956)  (^) The first computers used vacuum tubes(a sealed glass tube containing a near-vacuum which allows the free passage of electric current) for memory.  (^) They were often enormous and taking up entire room.  (^) First generation computers relied on machine language.  (^) They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions(defect or breakdown).  (^) The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. 8

Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)

• (^) Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
• (^) Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic.
• (^) High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
• (^) These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory. 10

Second Generation Computers Advantages :  (^) Size reduced considerably.  (^) Very fast.  (^) Very much reliable. Disadvantages :  (^) They over heated quickly.  (^) Maintenance problems. 11

Third generation computers Advantages :  (^) ICs are very small in size.  (^) Improved performance.  (^) Production cost cheap. Disadvantages :  (^) ICs are sophisticated. 13

Fourth Generation Computers (1974-1989)  (^) The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.  (^) The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer.  (^) From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.  (^) Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. 14

Fourth Generation Computers (1971-1989) Advantages :  (^) Small in size.  (^) Much Faster.  (^) Less repair and maintenance cost. Disadvantages :  (^) Microprocessors are prone to get damaged.  (^) Due to network connectivity spread, harmful viruses and malware are found. © Educational Technology Department, Group Head Office, The City School. 16

Fifth Generation Computers (present and beyond)  (^) Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence.  (^) Are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition.  (^) The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.  (^) The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. 17

Fifth Generation Computers (present and beyond) Advantages :  (^) Development of true artificial intelligence.  (^) Advancement in Parallel Processing.  (^) Faster processing speed.  (^) Less repair and maintenance cost. Disadvantages :  (^) Sophisticated and complex tools.  (^) Job Loss  (^) Due to network connectivity spread, harmful viruses and malware are found. 19

(^20) Block diagram of Computer