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Introduction to Computing
Lecture # 2
Introduction to Computing
Lecture # 2
2
Outline
• Timeline: The Evolution of Computers
• The Computer Generations
• Varieties of Computers
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Timeline: The Evolution of Computers
• 3000 BCE: Abacus invented in Babylonia
• 1642: first mechanical adding machine (Blaise
Pascal)
• 1666: first mechanical calculator that can add
and subtract (Samuel Morland)
• 1833: Babbage’s Difference Engine
(automatic calculator)
• 1944: first electro-mechanical computer
(Mark-I)
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Timeline: The Evolution of Computers
- 1945: John Von Neumann introduces the
concepts of a stored-program
- 1946: first programmable electronic computer
in united states (ENIAC)
- 1967: handheld calculator
- 1975: first microcomputer (MIT’s Altair 8800)
- 1981: IBM introduces personal computer (with
8088 CPU and 16KB RAM)
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Timeline: The Evolution of Computers
- 1982: portable computers
- 1985: Intel’s 80386 32-bit microprocessor is
introduced
- 1993: multimedia desktop computers; Intel
introduces its first Pentium chip; Motorola
releases the PowerPC CPU
- 1995: Intel’s Pentium Pro
- 1997: Intel’s Pentium II
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Timeline: The Evolution of Computers
- 1999: Intel’s Pentium III; AMD’s Athlon CPU (
MHz); Power Mac G4 available
- 2000: Intel’s Pentium 4: AMD’s Athlon CPU
reaches 1 GHz
- 2001: Pentium IV reaches 2 GHz
- 2002: Pentium IV reaches 3.06 GHz; Power Mac
has 2.1 GHz Power PC CPUs
- 2003: Intel’s Pentium M/Centrino for mobile
computing; 64-bit processors
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Third Generation (1964-1975)
- Key Hardware Technologies
- ICs (consists of several transistors, resistors, capacitors) with SSI and MSI technologies, larger magnetic cores memory, larger capacity disks and magnetic tapes secondary storage, minicomputers
- SSI (Small Scale Integration): 10 to 20 components
- MSI (Medium Scale Integration): up to 100 components
- Key Software Technologies
- Timesharing operating system, standardization of high-level programming languages, unbundling of software from hardware
- Key Characteristics
- Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier and cheaper to produce commercially, easier to use, and easier to upgrade than previous generation systems; scientific, commercial, and interactive online applications (like airline reservation systems)
- Some Representative Systems
- IBM 360/370, PDP-8, PDP-11, CDC 6600
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Fourth Generation (1975-1989)
- Key Hardware Technologies
- ICs with VLSI technology, microprocessors, semiconductor memory, larger capacity hard disks as built-in secondary storage, magnetic tapes and floppy disks as portable storage media, PCs, spread of high-speed computer networks
- LSI (Large Scale Integration): 30,000 components
- VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): 1 million components
- Key Software Technologies
- Operating systems for PCs, GUI, multiple windows on a single terminal screen, UNIX operating system, C programming language, PC-based applications, networking- based applications
- Key Characteristics
- Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use PCs, more powerful and reliable mainframe systems, totally general purpose machines, easier to produce commercially
- Some Representative Systems
- IBM PC and its clones, Apple II, TRS-80, VAX 9000, CRAY- 1, CRAY-2, CRAY-X/MP
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Fifth Generation (1989-Present)
- Key Hardware Technologies
- ICs with ULSI technology, larger capacity main memory, larger capacity hard disks, optical disks as portable read-only storage media, notebook computers, powerful desktop PCs and workstations, very powerful mainframes, internet
- ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration): 10 million components
- Key Software Technologies
- World Wide Web, multimedia applications, internet-based applications
- Key Characteristics
- Portable computers, more powerful, cheaper, reliable, and easier to use desktop machines, very powerful mainframes, very high uptime due to hot-pluggable components, totally general purpose machines, easier to produce commercially
- Some Representative Systems
- IBM notebooks, Pentium PCs, SUN Workstations, IBM SP/2, SGI Origin 2000, PARAM 10,
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The Varieties of Computers
- Computers come in a variety of shapes and
sizes.
- Computers can be classified according to
their processing power.
- In decreasing order of size:
1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframes
3. Workstations
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers
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The Varieties of Computers
Supercomputer
1. Supercomputers
- Typically priced from $500,000 to more than $350 million.
- High-capacity machines with thousands of processors that can perform more than several trillion calculations per second.
- The fastest computer in the world, which cost $ million and looks like rows of refrigerator-size boxes, is the NEC Earth Simulator in Yokohama, Japan.
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The Varieties of Computers
1. Supercomputers
- Fastest, most powerful, most expensive among the categories
- Suitable for intensive calculations and processing
- e.g. Deep Blue, Blue Gene, IBM ASCI (Accelerated Strategies Computing Initiative) White
- Example Application: weather forecasting, simulating explosions of nuclear bombs, finding oil, designing aircrafts, etc.
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The Varieties of Computers
HP Compaq Business d220 tower microcomputer
4. Microcomputers
- Microcomputers - also called personal computers. Cost $500 - $5000. Can fit next to a desk or on a desktop, or can be carried around.
- Tower PC - PC in which the case sits as a “tower,” often on the floor beside a desk, thus freeing up desk space.
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Compaq Evo desktop microcomputer
4. Microcomputers
- Desktop PC - those in which the case or main housing sits on a desk, with keyboard in front and monitor (screen) often on top.
The Varieties of Computers
Apple i-Mac computer
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The Varieties of Computers
4. Microcomputers
- In addition to the desktop PC, microcomputers can also be notebook computers and PDAs
- Notebook computers are also called laptop computers
- Laptop computers are lightweight portable computers with built-in monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery, and AC adapter.
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The Varieties of Computers
Personal Digital Assistant
4. Microcomputers
- Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are also called handheld computers or palmtops.
- PDAs combine personal organization tools--schedule planners, address books, to-do lists--with the ability in some cases to send e-mail and faxes.
- Well-known makers of PDAs include Palm, Handspring, Sony, and Compaq.
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The Varieties of Computers
DSP: Digital Signal Processor
5. Microcontrollers
- Microcontrollers - also called embedded computers.
- They are the tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” appliances and automobiles.
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