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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belgaum- 590014 AN TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT ON
“ Detecting Human Driver Inattentive and Aggressive
Driving Behavior Using Deep Learning: Recent Advances,
Requirements and Open Challenges ”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the requirement of 8 th^ Semester BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Submitted By: HARISH T.N (1BC19CS006) Under the Guidance of Mrs. Nithya N Mrs. Supriya R Assistant Professor HOD Dept of CSE Dept of CSE BANGALORE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Bangalore- 560099
BANGALORE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
Chandapura, Bengaluru- 560099
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that HARISH T.N , 1BC19CS0 06 a student of 8th^ semester, Computer Science and Engineering has completed the seminar entitled “ Detecting Human Driver Inattentive and Aggressive Driving Behavior Using Deep Learning: Recent Advances, Requirements and Open Challenges” in partial in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering of the Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2022-2023. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirement work prescribed for the degree. Mrs. Nithya N Mrs. Supriya R Assistant Professor HOD Dept of CSE Dept of CSE
ABSTRACT
The demand for wireless connectivity has grown exponentially over the last few decades. Fifth-generation (5G) communications, with far more features than fourth-generation communications, will soon be deployed worldwide. A new paradigm of wireless communication, the sixth-generation (6G) system, with the full support of artificial intelligence, is expected to be implemented between 2027 and 2030. Beyond 5G, some fundamental issues that need to be addressed are higher system capacity, higher data rate, lower latency, higher security, and improved quality of service (QoS) compared to the 5G system. This paper presents the vision of future 6G wireless communication and its network architecture. This article describes emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, terahertz communications, wireless optical technology, free-space optical network, blockchain, three-dimensional networking, quantum communications, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell free communications, integration of wireless information and energy transfer, integrated sensing and communication, integrated access back haul networks, dynamic network slicing, holographic beam forming, back scatter communication, intelligent reflecting surface, proactive caching, and big data analytics that can assist the 6G architecture development in guaranteeing the QoS. Besides, expected applications with 6G communication requirements and possible technologies are presented. We also describe potential challenges and research directions for achieving this goal.
CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Page No. - 1.1 Overview - Chapter
- ARCHITECTURE - 2.1 Overview - Chapter - METHODOLOGY - 3.1 System Design - 3.2 Specifications
- Chapter - APPLICATIONS - 4.1 Overview
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of various emerging applications, such as artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), three-dimensional (3D) media, and the Internet of Everything (IoE), has led to a massive volume of traffic [1]. The global mobile traffic volume was 7.462 EB/month in 2010, and this traffic is predicted to be 5016 EB/month in 2030 [2]. This statistic shows the importance of improving communication systems. We are heading toward a society of fully automated remote management systems. Autonomous systems are becoming popular in all areas of society, including industry, health, roads, oceans, and space. In this regard, millions of sensors are integrated into cities, vehicles, homes, industries, food, toys, and other environments to provide a smart life and automated systems. Hence, a high-data-rate with reliable connectivity will be required to support these applications. In certain parts of the world, fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks have already been deployed. By 2020, 5G is expected to be fully used worldwide. 5G networks will not have the capacity to deliver a completely automated and intelligent network that provides everything as a service and a completely immersive experience [3]. Although the 5G communication systems will offer significant improvements over the existing systems, they will not be able to fulfill the demands of future emerging intelligent and automation systems after ten years [4]. The 5G network will provide new features and provide a better quality of service (QoS) compared to fourth-generation (4G) communications [5]–[6][7] [8]. 5G technology includes several new additional techniques, such as new frequency bands (e.g., millimeter-wave (mmWave) and optical spectra), advanced spectrum usage and management, and the integration of licensed and unlicensed bands [4]. Nevertheless, the fast growth of data-centric and automated systems may exceed the capabilities of 5G wireless networks. 5G communication considerably overlooked the convergence of communication, intelligence, sensing, control, and computing functionalities. However, future IoE applications will necessitate this convergence. Specific devices, such as VR devices, need to go beyond 5G (B5G) because they require a minimum of 10 Gbps data rates [1]. Department of CS&E, BCET (^) Page 1
Hence, with 5G reaching its limits in 2030, the design goals for its next step are already being explored in literature.New items that may require sixth-generation (6G) system include (i) massive man-machine interfaces, (ii) ubiquitous computing among local devices and the cloud, (iii) multi-sensory data fusion to create multi-verse maps and different mixed-reality experiences, and (iv) precision in sensing and actuation to control the physical world [9]. To reach the goal of 6G and to overcome the constraints of 5G for supporting new challenges, B5G wireless systems will need to be developed with new attractive features. The 6G communication networks will fulfill the laggings of 5G system by introducing new synthesis of future services such as ambient sensing intelligence and new human-human and human-machine interaction, a pervasive introduction of AI and the incorporation of new technologies such as terahertz (THz), 3 - dimensional (3D) networking, quantum communications, holographic beamforming, backscatter communication, intelligent reflecting surface (IRS), and proactive caching [10]. The key drivers of 6G will be the convergence of all the past features, such as network densification, high throughput, high reliability, low energy consumption, and massive connectivity. The 6G system would also continue the trends of the previous generations, which included new services with the addition of new technologies. The new services include AI, smart wearables, implants, autonomous vehicles, computing reality devices, sensing, and 3D mapping [11]. The most critical requirement for 6G wireless networks is the capability of handling massive volumes of data and very high-data-rate connectivity per device. Department of CS&E, BCET (^) Page 2
A. From Network Softwarization to Network Intelligentization We envision that 6G will take network softwarization to a new level, namely, towards network intelligentization. In 5G, the “non-radio” aspect has become more and more important, and has been the key driver behind the recent efforts on “softwarization”. More specifically, two key 5G technologies are Software- Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), which have moved modern communications networks towards software-based virtual networks. They also enable network slicing, which can provide a powerful virtualization capability to allow multiple virtual networks to be created atop a shared physical infrastructure. Nevertheless, as the network is becoming more complex and more heterogeneous, softwarization is not going to be sufficient for beyond 5G networks. In particular, to support AI-based applications, the network entities have to support diverse capabilities, including communications, content caching, computing, and even wireless power transfer. Furthermore, 6G will embrace new radio access interfaces such as THz communications and intelligent surfaces. It will also need to support more advanced Internet of Things (IoT) functionalities including sensing, data collection, analytics, and storage. All of the aforementioned challenges call for an architecture that is flexible, adaptive, and more importantly, intelligent. Existing technologies, such as SDN, NFV, and network slicing will need to be further improved to meet these challenges. By enabling fast learning and adaptation, AI-based methods will render network slicing a lot more versatile in 6G systems. Department of CS&E, BCET (^) Page 4
B. A Network of Subnetworks – Local vs Global Evolution Given its expected ultra-high heterogeneity, one key feature of 6G will be its capability to exploit a flexible subnetworkwide evolution to effectively adapt to the local environments and user demands, thereby resulting in a “network of subnetworks”. Particularly, local subnetworks in 6G may evolve individually to upgrade themselves. The local evolution may happen in a few neighboring cells or even in a single cell in order to flexibly apply cutting-edge developments on new waveforms, coding, and multi-access protocols in subnetworks without extensive time-consuming tests. Since there is no need to rebuild the whole system, the evolution cost can be substantially reduced. To achieve this goal, we need to address the following three challenges:
- Each subnetwork should collect and analyze its local data, which may include wireless environments, user requests, mobility patterns, etc. and then exploit AI methods to upgrade itself locally and dynamically.
- When the local PHY or MAC protocols are changed, the inter-subnetwork interaction is expected to maintain new inter-subnetwork coordination. One possible solution is to adopt game and learning approaches in 6G, which can assure the convergence of the subnetworks upgrades.
- The local evolution of 6G requires a relatively stable control plane to support the evolution in the “network of subnetworks” level. One possible solution relies on the “learning from scratch” method developed in Alpha Zero [9]. The control plane of 6G should evaluate each upgrade of subnetworks, and then implement a networklevel learning process to identify the best strategy for each subnetwork, accounting for its local environments and user behaviors. Department of CS&E, BCET (^) Page 5
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM DESIGN
Fully-AI will be integrated into the 6G communication systems. All the network instrumentation,management,physical-layer signal processing, resource management,service-based communications, and so on will be incorporated by using AI [14]. It will foster the Industry 4.0 revolution, which is the digital transformation of industrial manufacturing. The 6G applications can be characterized under uMUB, uHLSLLC,mMTC, and uHDD services. Some key prospects and applications of 6G wireless communication are briefly described below:- The superior features of 6G will accelerate the building of smart societies leading to life quality improvements, environmental monitoring, and automation using AI- based M2M communication and energy harvesting [25]. This application can be characterized under all uMUB, uHLSLLC, mMTC, and uHDD services. The 6G wireless connectivity will make our society super-smart through the use of smart mobile devices, autonomous vehicles, and so on. Besides, many cities in the world will deploy flying taxis based on 6G wireless technology. Smart homes become a reality because any device in a remote location can be controlled by using a command given from a smart device. Extended reality (hereinafter referred to as XR) services, including augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and VR are essential features of 6G communication systems. All these features use 3D objects and AI as their critical driving elements. Besides providing perceptual requirements of computing, cognition, storage, human senses, and physiology, 6G will provide a truly immersive AR/MR/VR experience by joint design integration and high-quality 6G wireless connectivity [11]. Advanced features of wearable devices such as XR devices, high definition images and holograms, and the five senses of communications accelerate the opportunity for performing the human-to-human and things communications. Innovative entertainment and enterprise services such as gaming, watching, and sports are provided without time and place restrictions [17]. VR is a computer-simulated 3D experience in which computer technologies
use reality headsets to generate realistic sensations and replicate a real environment or create an imaginary world. An actual VR environment engages all five senses. AR is a live view of a real physical world whose elements are augmented by various computer-generated sensor inputs, such as audio, video, visuals, and global positioning system (GPS) data. It uses the existing reality and adds to it by using a device of some sort. MR merges the real and the virtual worlds to create new atmospheres and visualizations to interact in real-time. It is also sometimes named as hybrid reality. One critical characteristic of MR is that artificial and real-world content can respond to one another in real-time. XR refers to all combined real and virtual environments and human machine interactions generated by computer technology and wearables. It includes all its descriptive forms, such as AR, VR, and MR. It brings together AR, VR, and MR under one term.
CHAPTER 4
APPLICATIONS
Fig:4.1 Applications of 6G Technology Every communication system opens the door to new features and applications. 5G was the fifirst generation to introduce AI, automation and smart cities. However, these technologies were partially integrated. 6G is introducing more technologies and applications providing higher data rates, high reliability, low latency and secure effificient transmission. Fig. 4.1 shows the main applications, trends and technologies introduced in 6G. In this section, some of these technologies and applications 6G are discussed.
A. TeraHertz Communication:- The RF band is almost full and it is not able to support the increasingly growing demand in wireless communications technology. The THz band, ranging from 0. THz to 10 THz, will play a crucial role in 6G supplying more bandwidth, more capacity, ultra-high data rates and secure transmission. The THz band will support the development of minuscule cells in nanometer to micrometre dimensions supplying very high-speed communications within a coverage area of up to 10 m [4] and supporting the Internet of Nano-things [5] - [6]. Technologies using frequency bands below 0.1 THz can not support Tbps links, therefore, 6G will be the fifirst wireless communication system supporting Tbps for high speed communication. B. Cell-Free Communication :- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) were proposed to be used in other generations in places where there is no infrastructure. However, this technology will be fully used in 6G allowing cell-free communication. When the user equipment (UE) moves from one cell coverage to another, the user‘s call should be transferred to the other cell. This handover might be unsuccessful and in some occurrences, the user‘s call is terminated and the QoS will be reduced in the system. 6G will end the problem of cell coverage as the UE will be connected to the whole network, not a specifific cell. Using UAV will allow integrating different technologies allowing the UE to utilize the technology having the best coverage without any manual confifigurations on the device [7]. C. Artifificial Intelligence :- Artifificial Intelligence (AI) was not involved in 4G or any previous generations. It is partially supported by 5G making difference in the telecommunications world opening the doors for emerging remarkable applications such as [8]- [11].However, AI will be fully supported in 6G for automation. It will be involved in the handover, network selection and resources allocation improving the performance, especially in delay-sensitive applications. AI and machine learning are the most important technologies in 6G [12].
H. Wireless Power Transfer :- Wireless energy transfer will be involved in 6G, providing suitable power to the batteries in devices such as; smartphones and sensors. The base stations in 6G will be used for transferring power as Wireless Information and Energy Transfer(WIET) uses the same fields and waves used in communication systems. WIET is an innovative technology that will allow the development of batteryless smart devices, charging wireless networks and saving the battery life-time of other devices. I. Wireless Brain-Computer Interface :- Recently wearable devices are increasingly used, some of them are brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. BCI applications involve smart wearable headsets, smart embedded devices and smart body implants [3]. Using BCI technologies, the brain will easily communicate with external discrete devices which will be responsible for analyzing brain signals and translating them. BCI also will involve affective computing technologies, in which devices will function differently depending on the user’s mood. BCI applications were limited because they require more spectrum resources, high bit rate, very low latency and high reliability. J. Healthcare:- The lack of electronic healthcare in other wireless communication technology was because of low data rate and time delay. 6G will provide secure communication, high performance, ultra-low latency, high data rate and high reliability enabling the full existence of remote surgeries through XR, robotics, automation and AI Also, the small wavelength due to the THz band supports the communication and the development of nano sensors allowing developing new nano sized devices to operate inside the human body.
CONCLUSION
Each generation of communication system brings new and exciting features. The 5G communication system, which will be officially launched worldwide in 2020, has impressive features. However, 5G will not be able to support the growing demand for wireless communication in 2030 entirely. Therefore, 6G needs to be rolled out. Research on 6G is still in its infancy and the study phase. This paper envisions the prospects and ways to reach the goal of 6G communication. In this paper, we presented the possible applications and the technologies to be deployed for 6G communication. We also described the possible challenges and research directions to reach the goals for 6G. Besides clarifying the vision and goal of 6G communications, we have stated the various technologies that can be used for 6G communication. Today mobile phones consist of everything ranging from the smallest size, largest phone memory, speed dialing, video player, audio player, and camera and so on. Recently with the development of internets and Bluetooth technology data sharing has become a child's play. The 6th generation (6G) wireless mobile communication networks integrate satellites for global coverage. It can be a combination of nanocore and artificial intelligence, where all the network operators will be connected to one single core. As in evolution and explosion, many will become extinct but some will change the world. In 6G the cost of mobile call will be relatively high but in 7G this problem will be improved and the cost of call will be reduced and lower level user will be benefited.
