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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belgaum- 590014
AN TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT
ON
“SILENT SOUND TECHNOLOGY” Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the requirement of 8th^ Semester
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted By:
AISHWARYAA B V S(1BC18EC004)
Under the Guidance of
Mrs. Nithya N Mrs. Karthika V
Assistant Professor HOD
Dept of ECE Dept of ECE
BANGALORE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Bangalore- 560099
BANGALORE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
Chandapura, Bengaluru- 560099
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that AISHWARYAA B V S, 1BC18EC004 a student of 8th
semester, Electronics and Communication Engineering has completed the seminar
entitled “ SILENT SOUND TECHNOLOGY” in partial in partial fulfillment for
the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication
Engineering of the Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the
year 20 21 - 2022. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirement work prescribed for the degree.
Mrs. Nithya N Mrs. Karthika V
Assistant Professor HOD
Dept of ECE Dept of ECE
CONTENT
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION NEED FOR SILENT SOUND o ORIGINATION METHODS o ELECTROMYOGRAPHY o IMAGE PROCESSING ELECTROMYOGRAPHY o ELECTRICAL CHARACTERSTICS o HISTORY o PROCEDURE o NORMAL RESULT o ABNORMAL RESULT o EMG SIGNAL DECOMPOSITION o APPLICATION OF EMG FEATURES OF SILENT SOUND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH APPLICATIONS CONCLUSIONS REFRENCE
ABSTRACT
Everybody has the experience of talking aloud in the cell phone in the mid of the disturbance while travelling in trains or buses. There is no need of shouting anymore for this purpose. ‘Silent sound technology’ is the answer for this problem. The Silent sound technology is an amazing solution for those who had lost their voice but wish to speak over phone. When demonstrated, it seems to detect every lip movement and internally converts the electrical pulses into sounds signals and sends them neglecting all other surrounding noise. It is definitely going to be a good solution for those feeling annoyed when other speak loud over phone. ‘Silent Sound’ technology aims to notice every movement of the lips and transform them into sounds, which could help people who lose voices to speak, and allow people to make silent calls without bothering others. Rather than making any sounds, your handset would decipher the movements your mouth makes by measuring muscle activity, then convert this into speech that the person on the other end of the call can hear. So, basically, it reads your lips. This new technology will be very helpful whenever a person loses his voice while speaking or allow people to make silent calls without disturbing others, even we can tell our PIN number to a trusted friend or relative without eavesdropping. At the other end, the listener can hear a clear voice. the awesome feature added to this technology is that "it is an instant polyglot" I.E, movements can be immediately transformed into the language of the user's choice. This translation works for languages like English, French & German. But, for the languages like Chinese, different tones can hold many different meanings. This poses problem and also said that in five or may be in ten years this will be used in everyday’ s technology.
movements your mouth makes by measuring muscle activity, then convert this into speech that the person on the other end of the call can hear. So, basically, it reads your lips. “We currently use electrodes which are glued to the skin. In the future, such electrodes might for example by incorporated into cellphones,” said Michael Wand, from the KIT. Figure1 - Common People Talking at Same Place Without Disturbance The technology opens up a host of applications, from helping people who have lost their voice due to illness or accident to telling a trusted friend your PIN number over the phone without anyone eavesdropping — assuming no lip-readers are around. The technology can also turn you into an instant polyglot. Because the electrical pulses are universal, they can be immediately transformed into the language of the user’s choice. “Native speakers can silently utter a sentence in their language, and the receivers hear the translated sentence in their language. It appears as if the native speaker produced speech in a foreign language,” said Wand.
The translation technology works for languages like English, French and German, but for languages like Chinese, where different tones can hold many different meanings, poses aproblem, he added. Noisy people in your office? Not anymore. “We are also working on technology to be used in an office environment,” the KIT scientist told AFP. The engineers have got the device working to 99 percent efficiency, so the mechanical voice at the other end of the phone gets one word in 100 wrong, explained Wand. “But we’re working to overcome the remaining technical difficulties. In five, maybe ten years, this will be useable, everyday technology,” he said.
METHODS
Silent Sound Technology is processed through some ways or methods. They are Electromyography (EMG) Image Processing Electromyography: The Silent Sound Technology uses electromyography, monitoring tiny muscular movements that occur when we speak. Monitored signals are converted into electrical pulses that can then be turned into speech, without a sound uttered. Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. An electromyography detects the electrical potential generated by muscle cells, when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. Electromyographic sensors attached to the face records the electric signals produced by the facial muscles, compare them with prerecorded signal pattern of spoken words When there is a match that sound is transmitted on to the other end of the line and person at the other end listen to the spoken words
Image Processing : The simplest form of digital image processing converts the digital data tape into a film image with minimal corrections and calibrations. Then large mainframe computers are employed for sophisticated interactive manipulation of the data. In the present context, overhead prospective are employed to analyze the picture. In electrical engineering and computer science, image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame; the output of image processing may be either an image or, a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it.
ELECTRICAL CHRACTERICTICS
The electrical source is the muscle membrane potential of about - 90 mV. Measured EMG potentials range between less than 50 μV and up to 20 to 30 mV, depending on the muscle under observation. Typical repetition rate of muscle motor unit firing is about 7– 2 0 Hz, depending on the size of the muscle (eye muscles versus seat (gluteal) muscles), previous axonal damage and other factors. Damage to motor units can be expected at ranges between 450 and 780 mV. History: myoelectric signal, only rough information could be obtained from its observation. The capability of detecting electromyographic signals improved steadily from the 1930s through the 1950s, and researchers began to use improved electrodes more widely for the study of muscles. Clinical use of surface EMG (sEMG) for the treatment of more specific disorders began in the 1960s. Hardyck and his researchers were the first (1966) practitioners to use sEMG. In the early 1980s, Cram and Steger introduced a clinical method for scanning a variety of muscles using an EMG sensing device. The first documented experiments dealing with EMG started with Francesco Redi’s works in
- Redi discovered a highly specialized muscle of the electric ray fish (Electric Eel) generated electricity. By 1773, Walsh had been able to demonstrate that the Eel fish’s muscle tissue could generate a spark of electricity. In 1792, a publication entitled De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius appeared, written by Luigi Galvani, in which the author demonstrated that electricity could initiate muscle contractions. Six decades later, in 1849, Dubois-Raymond discovered that it was also possible to record electrical activity during a voluntary muscle contraction. The first actual recording of this activity was made by Marey in 1890, who also introduced the term electromyography. In 1922, Gasser and Erlanger used an oscilloscope to show the electrical signals from muscles. Because of the stochastic nature of the It is not until the middle of the 1980s that integration techniques in electrodes had sufficiently advanced to allow batch production of the required small and lightweight instrumentation and
amplifiers. At present, a number of suitable amplifiers are commercially available. In the early 1980s, cables that produced signals in the desired microvolt range became available. Recent research has resulted in a better understanding of the properties of surface EMG recording. Surface electromyography is increasingly used for recording from superficial muscles in clinical or kinesiological protocols, where intramuscular electrodes are used for investigating deep muscles or localized muscle activity. There are many applications for the use of EMG. EMG is used clinically for the diagnosis of neurological and neuromuscular problems. It is used diagnostically by gait laboratories and by clinicians trained in the use of biofeedback or ergonomic assessment. EMG is also used in many types of research laboratories, including those involved in biomechanics, motor control, neuromuscular physiology, movement disorders, postural control, and physical therapy. PROCEDURE: rest is studied. Abnormal spontaneous activity might indicate some nerve and/or muscle damage. Then the patient is asked to contract the muscle smoothly. The shape, size, and frequency of the resulting motor unit potentials are judged. Then the electrode is retracted a few millimeters, and again the activity is analyzed until at least 10–20 units have been collected. Each electrode track gives only a very local picture of the activity of the whole muscle. Because skeletal muscles differ in the inner structure, the electrode has to be placed at various locations to obtain an accurate study. There are two kinds of EMG in widespread use: surface EMG and intramuscular (needle and fine-wire) EMG. To perform intramuscular EMG, a needle electrode or a needle containing two fine-wire electrodes is inserted through the skin into the muscle tissue. A trained professional (such as a neurologist, physiatrist, or physical therapist) observes the electrical activity while inserting the electrode. The insertional activity provides valuable information about the state of the muscle and its innervating nerve. Normal muscles at rest make certain, normal electrical signals when the needle is inserted into them. Then the electrical activity when the muscle is at
Figure4 - : Interfacing with Electromyographer and Body A motor unit is defined as one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. When a motor unit fires, the impulse (called an action potential) is carried down the motor neuron to the muscle. The area where the nerve contacts the muscle is called the neuromuscular junction, or the motor end plate. After the action potential is transmitted across the neuromuscular junction, an action potential is elicited in all of the innervated muscle fibers of that particular motor unit. The sum of all this electrical activity is known as a motor unit action potential (MUAP). This electrophysiologic activity from multiple motor units is the signal typically evaluated during an EMG. The composition of the motor unit, the number of muscle fibers per motor unit, the metabolic type of muscle fibers and many other factors affect the shape of the motor unit potentials in the myogram. Nerve conduction testing is also often done at the same time as an EMG to diagnose neurological diseases. Some patients can find the procedure somewhat painful, whereas others experience only a small amount of discomfort when the needle is inserted. The muscle or muscles being tested may be slightly sore for a day or two after the procedure.
Normal results : Muscle tissue at rest is normally electrically inactive. After the electrical activity caused by the irritation of needle insertion subsides, the electromyograph should detect no abnormal spontaneous activity (i.e., a muscle at rest should be electrically silent, with the exception of the area of the neuromuscular junction, which is, under normal circumstances, very spontaneously active). When the muscle is voluntarily contracted, action potentials begin to appear. As the strength of the muscle contraction is increased, more and more muscle fibers produce action potentials. When the muscle is fully contracted, there should appear a disorderly group of action potentials of varying rates and amplitudes (a complete recruitment and interference pattern). Abnormal results : EMG is used to diagnose diseases that generally may be classified into one of the following categories: neuropathies, neuromuscular junction diseases and myopathies. Neuropathic disease has the following defining EMG characteristics: An action potential amplitude that is twice normal due to the increased number of fibers per motor unit because of reinnervation of denervated fibers An increase in duration of the action potential A decrease in the number of motor units in the muscle (as found using motor unit number estimation techniques) Myopathic disease has these defining EMG characteristics: A decrease in duration of the action potential A reduction in the area to amplitude ratio of the action potential A decrease in the number of motor units in the muscle (in extremely severe cases only) Because of the individuality of each patient and disease, some of these characteristics may not appear in every case.
FEATURES OF SILENT SOUND TECHNOLOGY
Some of the features of silent sound technology are Native speakers can silently utter a sentence in their language, and the receivers can hear the translated sentence in their language. It appears as if the native speaker produced speech in a foreign language. The translation technology works for languages like English, French and German, except Chinese, where different tones can hold many different meanings. Allow people to make silent calls without bothering others. The Technology opens up a host of application such as mentioned below Helping people who have lost their voice due to illness or accident. Telling a trusted friend your PIN number over the phone without anyone eavesdropping — assuming no lip-readers are around. Silent Sound Techniques is applied in Military for communicating secret/confidential matters to others.
RESEARCH
With all of the millions of phones in circulation, there is great potential for increasing earnings by saving 'lost calls' - telephone calls that go unanswered or uninitiated because the user is in a situation in which he or she cannot speak - not just in business meetings, but everyday situations. According to research, these 'lost calls' are worth $20 billion per year worldwide. For the cellular operator, these are potential earnings that are currently being left on the table. When these 'lost calls' become answerable, and can be conducted without making a sound, there is a tremendous potential for increased profits. Now the research is going on technology that can be used in Office Environment too.
