Computer System Unit, Lecture notes of Computer Engineering and Programming

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The Components of the System Unit

Chapter 4 Objectives

Differentiate among various styles of system units Differentiate among various styles of system units Identify chips, adapter cards, and other components of a motherboard Identify chips, adapter cards, and other components of a motherboard Describe the components of a processor and how they complete a machine cycle Describe the components of a processor and how they complete a machine cycle Identify characteristics of various personal computer processors on the market today Identify characteristics of various personal computer processors on the market today Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data Explain how programs transfer in and out of memory Explain how programs transfer in and out of memory Differentiate among the various types of memory Differentiate among the various types of memory Describe the types of expansion slots and adapter cards Describe the types of expansion slots and adapter cards Explain the differences among a serial port, a parallel port, a USB port, a FireWire port, and other ports Explain the differences among a serial port, a parallel port, a USB port, a FireWire port, and other ports Describe how buses contribute to a computer’s processing speed Describe how buses contribute to a computer’s processing speed Identify components in mobile computers and mobile devices Identify components in mobile computers and mobile devices Understand how to clean a system unitUnderstand how to clean a system unit

The System Unit

What are common components inside the system unit?

 Memory

 Adapter cards

 (^) Sound card  (^) Video card

 Drive bays

 Power supply

 Processor

The System Unit

What is the motherboard?

 Main circuit board

of the system unit



Contains

expansion slots,

processor chips,

and memory slots



Also called system

board

Processor Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Processor

What is the central processing unit (CPU)?

Input Devices Storage Devices Output Devices Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer Data (^) MemoryInformation Instructions Data Informatio n Instructions Data Informatio n Control Unit  (^) Control unit directs and coordinates operations in computer  (^) Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations Also called the processor

Processor

What are multi-core processors?

 (^) A multi-core processor is a chip with two or more separate processors  (^) A dual-core processor is a single chip that contains two separate processors  (^) A quad-core processor is a single chip that contains four separate processors  (^) Each processor on a multi-core chip generally runs at a slower clock speed, but increases overall performance

Processor

What is pipelining?

 Processor begins fetching second instruction before

completing machine cycle for first instruction



Results in faster processing

Stores location from where instruction was fetched

Processor

What is a register?

Stores instruction while it is being decoded Stores data while ALU computes it Stores results of calculation 

Temporary high-speed storage area that holds

data and instructions

Processor

What are the guidelines for selecting a processor?

Processor

What are heat sinks, heat pipes,

and liquid cooling?



Heat sink—component

with fins that cools

processor



Heat pipee—smaller

device for notebook

computers

 Liquid cooling—uses a

continuous flow

of fluids to transfer heat away

Data Representation

How do computers represent data?

 (^) Recognize only two discrete states: on or off  (^) Use a binary system to recognize two states  (^) Use Number system with two unique digits: 0 and 1, called bits (short for binary digits)

 Most computers are digital

Data Representation

What is a byte?

 Eight bits grouped together as a unit

 Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s

to represent 256 individual characters

 (^) Numbers  (^) Uppercase and lowercase letters  (^) Punctuation marks  (^) Other

Data Representation

How is a letter converted to binary form and back?

Step 3. The system unit converts the scan code for the capital letter T to its ASCII binary code (01010100) and stores it in memory for processing. Step 1. The user presses the capital letter T (SHIFT+T key) on the keyboard. Step 2. An electronic signal for the capital letter T is sent to the system unit. Step 4. After processing, the binary code for the capital letter T is converted to an image, and displayed on the output device.

Memory

What is memory?

 Electronic components that store instructions, data, and results  (^) Consists of one or more chips on motherboard or other circuit board  Each byte stored in unique location called an address, similar to seats in a concert hall