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A comprehensive overview of the key concepts and processes involved in human conception, fetal development, and maternal changes during pregnancy. It covers topics such as the stages of prenatal development, the formation and maturation of gametes, the fertilization process and the development of the zygote, morula, and blastocyst, the implantation of the blastocyst, the formation of the embryo and its differentiation, the development of the placenta, the changes in maternal hormones and their effects, the ovarian and menstrual cycles, and the various stages of fetal development. The document also covers topics related to multiple pregnancies.
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antepartum - answer ✅✅before birth prenatal - answer ✅✅pertaining to before birth perinatal - answer ✅✅begins at approx 28 weeks ending 1-4 weeks after birth intrapartum - answer ✅✅from the start of labor until birth postpartum - answer ✅✅approx 6 weeks after birth oocytes - answer ✅✅immature eggs 150,000 are contained in the ovaries at birth. None are formed after birth.
ovum - answer ✅✅mature egg Zygote - answer ✅✅fertilized egg 2-16 cells Morula - answer ✅✅A solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo; in humans, this stage occurs within four days of fertilization. In the Fallopian tubes. Blastocyst - answer ✅✅A fluid-filled sphere formed about 5 days after fertilization of an ovum that is made up of an outer ring of cells and inner cell mass. THis is the structure that implants in the endometrium of the uterus. Will become the embryo, amnion, and yolk sac membrane embryo - answer ✅✅stage where all human organ are being created. During weeks 3-8. Gametogenesis - answer ✅✅the process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes a reproductive cell. Oogenesis - answer ✅✅the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum polar body - answer ✅✅Nonfunctional form to carry away extra chromosomes during oogenesis. Homeostasis - answer ✅✅process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Oxytocin - answer ✅✅A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Prolactin - answer ✅✅stimulates milk production ovarian cycle - answer ✅✅follicular phase-days 1- luteal phase-days 15- menstrual cycle - answer ✅✅monthly shedding of a females uterine lining Follicular phase - answer ✅✅The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a follicle (an oocyte and its surroudning cells) enlarges and matures. This phase is under the control of FSH from the anterior pituitary, and typically lasts from day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle. The follicle secretes estrogen during this time period. LH allows for final maturation and release of ovum. Graafian follicle - answer ✅✅A large, mature, ovarian follicel with a well-developed antrum and a secondary oocyte. Ovulation of the oocyte occurs from this type of follicle. Luteal phase - answer ✅✅The third phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a corpus luteum is formed from the remnants of the follicle that has ovulated its oocyte. The corpus luteum secretes progestrone and estrogen during this time period, which typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle. Formation of the corpul luteum is triggered by the same LH surge that triggers
ovulation, however in the absence of LH (levels quickly decline after the surge) the corpus luteum begins to degenerate. sperm - answer ✅✅can reach the cervical mucus within 90 seconds. can be found in the fallopian tubes within 5 minutes. they can last up to five days. Decidua - answer ✅✅the endometrium of the uterus during pregnancy decidua capsularis - answer ✅✅the part of the decidua that surrounds the chorionic sac decidua basalis - answer ✅✅part of the endometrium in which the blastocyst imbeds becomes the maternal placenta decidua vera - answer ✅✅the remaining portion of the uterine lining endometrium - answer ✅✅inner lining of the uterus term-33Implantation - answer ✅✅The process by which the zygote attaches to the uterine wall. approx. 7-9 days chorion - answer ✅✅develops from trophoblast and surrounds the amnion, embryo, yolk sac
1 vein within the placenta - answer ✅✅carries oxygenated blood to the fetus from mom Wharton's jelly - answer ✅✅mucoid connective tissue that surrounds the vessels within the umbilical cord allowing the cord to be flexible and not kink flow to baby Ectoderm - answer ✅✅outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin Endoderm - answer ✅✅the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems Mesoderm - answer ✅✅middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems pre-embryonic period - answer ✅✅fertilization to week 2
By the end of the 1st week of fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to the ENDOMETRIUM
Dizygotic - answer ✅✅fraternal twins, fertilized by separate sperm monozygotic twins - answer ✅✅identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo
