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Typology: Lecture notes
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In order to understand how to describe a painting or a sculpture, it is important to comprehend first the visual elements of art. These visual elements are line, color, shape, space, value, texture, time and motion.
1. Shape and Mass - These elements refer to the areas with identified boundaries or drawing lines. Shape, natural or living form, is called.an organic shape and can be irregular. or.rounded. It. may also be.measured form, otherwise known as geometric.shape. In. contrast to shape., which..is..two-dimensional, mass refers to. solid portion of a. three-dimensional object. 2. Line - This refers to a prolongation of a point or a mark on a surface. Solid lines can be used to define form while broken lines are typically used to suggest hidden forms. 3. Color - This refers to visual perception that allows a person to differentiate objects due to the way various wavelengths of light are reflected. It is a very important element because it communicates information and emotion to the viewer. The three properties of color are: ✔ Hue refers to the basic or pure color represented in the color wheel. ✔ Value refers to the lightness and darkness of color. A light color or tint is the result of adding white to a hue, while a dark color or shade results from adding black to a hue. ✔ Saturation refers to brightness and dullness of color. It is also referred to as purity of the color. A bright color can be produced by adding more pigment to the same hue, while a dull color can be produced by adding gray or the color’s complement to the pigment. o The color wheel is an arrangement of primary,.secondary and.tertiary colors. It is an important tool to.identify which color scheme is to be applied in any art. Here are some of the color.schemes : ✔ Monochromatic – involves using the same hue but with different gradients of value. ✔ Analogous – entails the use of three or four adjacent colors in the color wheel. ✔ Complementary – involves the use of a color and its complement -meaning the color located opposite of the first color. ✔ Split-complementary – a close relative to the complementary color scheme. But instead of using the color’s complement, this scheme uses 2 colors constant or identified to use the two colors adjacent to the complement. ✔ Triadic – uses three colors that are of equal distance with each other. ✔ Tetradic – is also known as double complementary color scheme; this uses two pairs of complementary colors. 4. Texture - This element refers to the feel or appearance of a.surface. A person may describe texture as actual or implied.. Actual texture. can be.felt tangibly based on the.material.that is used for. the artwork while implied texture.can be exhibited, for. instance, in a painting of fur of an .animal. 5. Value - This element refers to lightness or darkness of an area. This is evident in creating shadows for a two-dimensional object to give an illusion of depth.
6. Space - This refers to the area that is occupied by an object or a subject, as well as the area surrounding that object or subject. An illusion of space can still be created in a two-dimensional surface using perspective. There are two types of perspective: atmospheric perspective, which utilizes the properties of light and air in depicting the illusion of distance; and linear perspective, which involves the use of vanishing points and receding hidden lines. 7. Time and Motion - Movement in the visual arts can either be an illusion or an actual motion. An illusion of movement is more common in two-dimensional artworks. On the other hand, actual motion is easily seen in kinetic sculpture that moves with the wind or are vibrating with the surrounding air. Painting refers to the process of applying color on a flat surface.
1. Easel Painting - The easel painting is perhaps the most common.form.of.painting which involves applying color to a board or .canvas that is.fixed on an upright support called an easel. These are.... meant to.be framed and hanged on a wall.after creating them. 2. Mural - A mural is described as a huge wall-sized painting.used.to impart message to the public. A new form of.mural.which is.a portable mural, was developed in order.to prevent.. the mural from being erased from the wall.where it was.. created.by using.bold strokes in.bright colors on.. pieces of cheesecloth\or canvas. 3. Telon Painting - A telon is described as a backdrop or background.for.the stage which are used for komedya, sarswela, and.sinakulo,. the popular forms of theater in the country. 4. Jeepney and Calesa Painting - The calesa is typically painted using one color. The.borders of the calesa are decorated with geometric.patterns,. repetitive patterns, and/or thin lines. Jeepney painting evolved from calesa painting. In.a.typical jeepney, a logo, number, or painting is covered.. near.. the driver’s seat, as well as near the seats adjacent to it. 5. Collage - This refers to a form of painting that involves.combined images in a single artwork. This entails cutting.and pasting.materials such as paper, fabric, tin foil and.other relatively flat.materials into a board or canvas.
6. Use of Glass - A kind of sculpture where the medium of expression used. by the artist is glass. 7. Symbolic Sculpture - It is a kind of sculpture in which an abstract idea is represented by means of allegory and personification.
Aside from painting and sculpture, other visual forms can be seen in every region in the country. Some of them are even used by people on a regular basis. The following are some of the visual arts used by various companies and offices:
1. Advertising Art - This refers to using paid space or time in any of the.media.to inform and influence the public. This is used to.encourage the public to patronage certain goods and.services,.or to support policies or persons. 2. Bamboo Art - This refers to works made of bamboo that may be.used.for.everyday purposes, for decorations or.ornaments. 3. Basketry - This refers to the art of creating containers by.weaving, plaiting, or braiding materials into hollow three- dimensional.. shapes that can either be used for.carrying, storage and. trapping animals. 4. Book Design - Book design involves structuring and reproducing bound pages that are filled with text and / or images, and are protected by hard or soft covers. 5. Costumes - These are garments, hairstyles, and accessories that are worn by individual members in a particular society. 6. Embroidery - This refers to the art of stitching ornaments on cloth by.hand. 7. Food Art - This involves packaging and / or presenting food.in an.artistic way. Food art involves artistic enhancement of the food.itself or.. its packaging. 8. Furniture - These are decorative and functional objects which are typically found in a public or private dwelling or building. These are also known as muebles or kasangkapan. 9. Komiks and Editorial Cartoon - Both komiks and editorial cartoon involve illustrations of stories or events. However, an editorial cartoon is a single-frame illustration that may either make fun of political leaders or institutions, or provide commentary on current events. The komiks, on the other hand, may use single or multiple frames with conversations of people or animals placed inside “balloons”. 10. Leaf Art - Leaf art is used in religious rituals, food wrapping, and.even as a form of modern artistic expression. This makes.leaf.art different from basketry. 11. Mat Weaving - This refers to the art of “plaiting strips of organic fibers into mats”. These mats, locally known as banig, are cool, light, and portable compared to fixed beds. 12. Metalcraft - This includes all objects made from metal using the processes of brass casting and blacksmithing, tinsmithing, or goldsmithing and silversmithing. 13. Multimedia - This consist of works that involve the use of other senses in appreciating those works aside from the sense of vision. ✔ Conceptual Art - In this type of multimedia, a visual artist “ideates or sets up a situation, placing philosophical value in the process itself while negating the importance of craftsmanship in arriving at a finished art object. ✔ Installation Art - In this type of multimedia, the artist puts together materials and objects in an exhibition space to cast a new experience or idea. ✔ Performance Art - In this type of multimedia, an artist converts himself or herself into an art object in motion and sound. 14. Paper Art - This involves processes like cutting, pasting, recycling, and / or constructing objects from paper. .Paper art used to. be limited with folk paper art such as.taka and higante from. Angono, parol, pastillas, wrappings, and kites.
15. Personal Ornaments - These are objects that are worn on the human body. Jewelry falls under this form. These are worn either to enhance a part of the body of the wearer, to exhibit rank or status, or to symbolize ritualistic and emotional states. 16. Photography - This refers to the process of producing images using a light-sensitive chemical plate or film. Photographs are taken to serve as portraits and as propaganda. 17. Pottery - Pottery is a general term for decorative and useful.objects.made from clay set off at high temperatures. This.. is frequently interchanged with “ceramics”. However,.it is. important to note that application of ceramics is wider.and. even includes industrial use. ✔ Earthenware or Terracotta - This type of pottery is made from clay and is usually fired at 1,700-2,100 ᵒF. ✔ Stoneware - This type of pottery is made from clay and feldspar. ✔ Porcelain - This type of pottery is made from kaolin, a special type of clay that is extra fine, white and feldspar. 18. Printmaking - This refers to transferring images from a firm surface, such as metal or wood, to a pliable surface, such as cloth or paper, using pressure. This is different from production because printmaking involves making the plate either by hand (of the artist) or mixed with mechanical means. 19. Tattoo Art - This refers to body adornment permanently.engraved..on the skin using a sharp instrument and plant.dyes or inks. 20. Textile Weaving - This refers to the process of creating cloth by interweaving a series of parallel vertical threads with another. series of horizontal threads at right angles. Architecture is considered to be one of the most functional branch of visual arts. We can freely see architecture in our surroundings because architecture involves designing the form of a building while allowing the building to serve its function. It is considered to be the “art to inhabit.” Throughout Philippines history, both foreign and Filipino architects introduce innovations when it comes to creating buildings and huge structures. Even though the design of buildings and homes are still Western-inspired, architects started to appreciate Filipino social traditions and cultural values. In fact, local materials were used in designing homes and buildings by Filipino architects like Francisco Mañosa, one of the most influential Filipino architects of the 20th century,. In addition, architects sought ways to express traditions and values in architecture.
A. Domestic Buildings and Houses
1. Apartment - This refers to a building composed of many residences called units. This is usually built in populated urban areas. Nowadays, in order to maximize the use of space and because of the increased buying power of the population, condominiums were developed. These condominiums are larger offshoots of apartments. 2. Bahay na Bato - The bahay na bato is considered to be a residence of the.wealthy. A typical two-storey bahay na bato.generally .has a. ground floor that is made of brick or.stone,.and has a wooden.. upper level. The windows and.the level have grilles, while the. windows at the upper.level .have sliding shutters. The roof of a.typical bahay..na..bato slants on four sides. 3. Barong-barong - The barong-barong are houses built on any land or area.. These are usually found near esteros, riverbanks, and bayshores, spaces along high walls, railroad tracks; spaces near abandoned buildings, and garbage dumps, or any vacant lot. Some of these barong-barong are built under bridges.
located here. There are some instances, however, when the municipal court and jail are housed in a separate building called tribunal. E. Public Buildings and Structures
1. School (Eskwelahan) - This refers to a place where young people are educated to become productive members of the community. The most common style of the eskwelahan is American-influenced, which features a concrete structure elevated on stilts. 2. Kamalig - The Kamalig is the Tagalog term for a building used for storing grain. This is considered to be the most economically- significant structure among the tribes in Northern Philippines. In some provinces, especially those in the lowland areas, the bahay kubo or nipa hut can be used as a form of kamalig. 3. Masjid - The masjid or mosque refers to a place of worship of..the. Muslims. A typical Philippine mosque has the.following.features: a tower called minaret, a prayer niche.called mihrab., the dome, arches that are reinforced with.pillars, and a pulpit.called mimbar. 4. Cemetery (Sementeryo) - The cemetery is a place where people bury the dead. It has other names, such as kampo santo, pantyon, and libingan. A cemetery has a small chapel and vaults or nichos surrounding the chapel. Nowadays, memorial parks are developed. 5. Church (Simbahan) - The simbahan is a place of worship for a Christian congregation. How a church is designed usually depends on the religious denomination it represents. 6. Movie House (Sinehan) - The sinehan is a place where people watch film or motion picture. 7. Theatre (Teatro) - The teatro is a building for dance, musical, and theatrical presentation. This is different from an auditorium because the teatro is essentially a separate building compared to the auditorium. **F. Other Forms and Structures
Activity 2. Test your knowledge Directions: From the choices, identify what is being described in the statement.
