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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE 3
Topics Time Frame Pages Cover Page
Table of Contents
Lesson Number 6
GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
- Global Cities
- Global Demography
- Global Migration: Basic Concepts
- Global Migration: Overseas Filipino Employment
- Global Health November 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, and 23, 2020 (7 hours)
Learning Tasks
Lesson Number 7
TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE WORLD
- Sustainable Development
- Global Food Security
- Global Citizenship November 25, 27, 30, December 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, and 14, 2020 (9 hours)
Reference 25 Learning Tasks
College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
LEARNING MODULES IN GE 8 (CONTEMPORARY WORLD)
LESSON 6: GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
- Global Cities
- Global Demography
- Global Migration: Basic Concepts
- Global Migration: Overseas Filipino Employment
- Global Health A. LEARNING OUTCOMES: After engaging in each topic, you should be able to:
- elucidate the characteristics of global cities;
- enumerate the factors influencing global demography;
- explain the concept of global migration; and
- describe the status of global health. **B. KEY CONCEPTS:
- GLOBAL CITIES** Global cities are major nodes in the interconnected systems of information and money, and the wealth that they capture is intimately related to the specialized businesses that facilitate those flows. According to Sassen (2005), global cities are central sites for advanced services and facilities of telecommunication which are necessary for the execution and the management of global economic activities. In those sites, corporate headquarters tend to center, particularly companies that are operative in more than one country. Examples of global cities are New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, and Singapore. The global city is, therefore, the main physical and geographic playground of the globalizing forces: in this space of population concentration and mixing, the global flows of people, capital, and ideas are woven into the daily lived experiences of its residents. Cosmopolitanism is a phenomenon most readily associated with the global city: large, diverse cities attract people, material and cultural products from all over the world. The idea of cosmopolitanism usually invokes pleasant images of travel, exploration, and worldly pursuits enjoyed by those who have benefited from globalization and who can, in some ways, consider themselves citizens of the world. GLOBALIZATION AS A SPATIAL PHENOMENON Globalization happens in physical spaces-foreign investment, economic opportunities, and human capital-move to cities. Globalization is spatial as it is based on places. Globalization acts on cities and vice versa (example is New York City-home of the stock market, a significant center in international trade). In other words, global cities are integral to globalization as it is essential to these global cities. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL CITIES
- International, first-name familiarity like Paris, London
- Active influence and participation in international events and world affairs like UN headquarters in New York City
- A fairly large population
- A major international airport like London Heathrow Airport that serves as an established hub for several international airlines
- Presence of an advanced transportation system that includes several freeways and/or a large mass transit network offering multiple modes of transportation
- Presence of international financial institutions, law firms, and stock exchanges like New York Stock Exchange
- Presence of advanced communications infrastructure on which modern transnational corporations rely
- Presence of world-renowned cultural institutions like museums and universities
- Presence of several powerful and influential media outlets with an international reach like The New York Times, Agence France-Presse
- Presence of major sports facilities, home teams in major league sports, and the ability and historical experience to host international sporting events like Olympics, and World Cups College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
- Economy: refers to market attractiveness, economic vitality, business environment, regulations and risk
- Research and development: refers to research background, readiness for accepting and supporting researches, and research achievement
- Cultural interaction: refers to trendsetting potential, accommodation environment, dining and shopping, and volume of interaction
- Livability: refers to working environment, cost of living, security and safety, and life support functions
- Environment: refers to ecology, pollution, and natural environment
- Accessibility: refers to international transport infrastructure and inner city transportation infrastructure TOP 10 GLOBAL POWER CITIES
- London
- New York City
- Tokyo
- Paris
- Singapore
- Seoul
- Amsterdam
- Berlin
- Hong Kong
- Sydney THE OTHER SIDE OF GLOBAL CITIES Global cities, despite the degree and high notch international rankings, are not perfect cities at all. Los Angeles is a global city consisting of urban sprawls and massive freeways so constituents are compelled to purchase cars and gas. Mumbai, Manila, and Bangkok are considered global cities as well yet the insufficient public transportation and absence of regulation automobiles industries made these places severely polluted. The process of gentrification (driving out the poor in favour of newer, wealthier residents) is rampant in these cities. In fact, in Manila, massive shanties are still aplenty despite the skyscrapers above. Apart from these, these global cities are common places of crimes, nationally and internationally (attacks in Paris, 9/11 in New York City, crimes in Metro Manila). 2. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY Demography is the scientific study of the determinants and consequences of human population trends. By the beginning of the 21st^ century, world population reached 6 billion. Most growth has occurred in the past 200 years. A massive increase of billions of people occurred no less than 200 years ago. This is the global demographic transition, brought by momentous changes, reshaping the economic and demographic life cycles of individuals and restructuring populations. Clearly, before the transition, the growth of world population is close to stationary, depicting that life is short, births were many, growth is slow, and the population is young. Since 1800, global population size has already increased by a factor of six and by 2100 will have risen by a factor of 10. There will then be 50 times as many elderly but only five times as many children; thus, the ratio of elders to children will have risen by a factor of 10. The length of life, which has already more than doubled, will have tripled, while births per woman will have dropped from six to two. MALTHUSIAN THEORY Thomas Malthus was the first person to draw widespread attention to the two components of natural increase-births and deaths (fertility and mortality). Malthus formulated an essay titled “Essay on the Principle of Population”, initially published in 1789, wherein he postulated that population tended to grow geometrically, while the means of subsistence grew only arithmetically. Thomas Malthus also argued that the difference between geometric and arithmetic growth created a tension between the team between the growth of population and that of means of subsistence-this gap could not persist indefinitely. Also, in the said essay, it was mentioned that population was held in equilibrium with the slowly growing economy. Faster population growth would depress wages, causing mortality to rise due to famine, war or disease-in short, misery. Depressed wages would also cause College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
postponement of marriage, resulting in prostitution and other vices, including contraception; this he called the preventive check. Since population could potentially grow more rapidly than the economy, it was always held in check by misery and vice, which was therefore the inevitable human lot. Economic progress could help only temporarily because population could soon grow to its new equilibrium level, where misery and vice would again hold it in check. Only through moral restraint-that is, the chaste postponement of marriage-did Malthus believe that humanity might avoid this fate, and he thought this an unlikely outcome. POPULATION EXPLOSION Contrary to what Malthus predicted, mortality has not risen to curb world population growth. As mentioned, the world population boomed up to near a billion in 1800 and reached 6 billion by the end of the 20th^ century. Apparently, Malthus did not recognize the force of the Industrial Revolution, which produced exponential growth in the means of subsistence. THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION During the first half of the 20 th^ century, demographers conceived the notion of the demographic transition. The Demographic Transition Framework illustrates population growth in terms of discrepancies and changes in two crude vital rates-mortality and fertility. Stripped off the essentials, demographic transition refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. The stages are as follows:
- Pre-industrial Society: high and unstable birth and death rates, population growth rate slow, importance of children, low life expectancy Reasons for the changes in birth rate: Children are needed for farming They die at an early age due to illnesses No family planning and conception/giving birth is encouraged by religion and society Reasons for the changes in death rate: Disease Famine Poor medical knowledge
- Early Industrial Society: high birth rates, falling death rate, high population growth Reasons for the changes in birth rate: Children are needed for farming They die at an early age due to illnesses No family planning and conception/giving birth is encouraged by religion and society Reasons for the changes in death rate: Improvements in medical care Water Supply and sanitation Fewer children die
- Late Industrial Society: low death rate, falling birth rate, high population growth Reasons for the changes in birth rate: Improved medical care and diet Fewer children are needed for work Reasons for the changes in death rate: Improvements in medical care Water Supply and sanitation Fewer children die
- Post Industrial Society: low birth and death rates, low population growth Reasons for the changes in birth rate: Family planning Good health Later marriages Improving status of women Reasons for the changes in death rate: Good health care College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
Migrants can be vulnerable to health risks. Migrants on their respective destinations may not have access to health care. For the well-being of the migrants, it is vital that access to safe, effective, and affordable health services shall be strengthened.
- Goal 4: Education Student mobility opens more opportunities for youth in developing countries to learn and study abroad.
- Goal 5: Gender Equality Migrant women and girls are vulnerable to human trafficking and gender-based violence. Increasing participation and leadership of women reduces the risk of gender-based violence and inequalities.
- Goal 8: Decent Work The importance of migrants in the global economy continues to flourish. Humane and safe working conditions help enhance the impact of migrants in development.
- Goal 11: Sustainable Cities Migrants enable cities to thrive and become more vibrant, successful centers of economy and life. National and local governments are encouraged to include migration and migrants in their urban development planning and implementation.
- Goal 13: Climate Action Migrants are affected by climate-related disasters. To better protect migrants, responses to disaster and climate change must be strengthened.
- Goal 16: Peaceful Societies Preventing trafficking in persons and providing support to trafficking survivors should be done while affording sustainable reintegration support efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls.
- Goal 17: Partnerships Expanding of networks among countries can help increase the capacity to deliver migrant services.
- Goal 10: Reduce Inequalities Migration brings about a conglomeration of people, ideas, knowledge, practices, and culture and it is very integral that all countries involved avoid discrimination, inequality, and injustice due to these differences. MIGRANTS According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), a migrant is: “any person who is moving or has moved across an international border or within a state away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of (1) the person’s legal status; (2) whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary; (3) what the causes for the movement are; or (4) what the length of the stay is”. From this definition, two categories of migrants can be identified:
- Labor (economic) migrants (and family reunification)
- Forced migrants (asylum seekers and refugees) Forced migrants are those who are compelled to migrate due to adverse circumstances beyond their control (like war, persecution, etc.). An asylum seeker is a person who seeks safety from persecution or serious harm in a country other than his or her own and awaits a decision on the application for refugee status relevant international and national instruments. In case of a negative decision, the person must leave the country and may be expelled, unless permission to stay is provided on humanitarian grounds. A refugee is a person who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is outside the College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
country of his/her nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself/herself of the protection of that country. DRIVERS OF MIGRATION Drivers of migration are forces which lead to the inception of migration and to the perpetuation of movement. Drivers of migration include economic, demographic factors and environmental factors, and social and political dynamics. People may migrate to access better economic employment and educational opportunities for themselves and their families. Some migrate due to lack of access to fundamental human rights such as health, food, or basic education, and due to discrimination, poverty, or separation from family. They may move in response to crisis-both natural and human-made and, increasingly, in response to environmental change. How drivers interact in different dimensions (scale, location, distance, and duration) affects how governments and the international community can respond in order to effectively protect migrants, govern migration, and harness its benefits. Some of the drivers of migration are as follows:
1. Economic and demographic drivers Economic opportunities, demographics, and poverty/food insecurity are prime influencers in the migration decision-making process and interact to greater or lesser degrees, depending on the specific context, to drive migration. In developing countries, lack of job opportunities, wage differentials, and aspirations propel young people away from home in search of employment and income opportunities. The informal economy accounts for 33-90 percent of total employment, which often means low pay, hazardous working conditions, and limited access to legal and social protection and resources, and this drives people toward opportunities abroad. 2. Environmental drivers A great number of countries identified as climate vulnerable tend to experience high rates of emigration, so it is critical to consider existing environment and climate-related evidence when analysing current migration patterns and estimating future flows. Environmental factors, including those related to climate change and natural disasters, directly and indirectly impact the resilience and vulnerability of individuals, households, and communities, and may lead to migration. How climate change drives migration depends heavily on its interaction with other factors, including the perception of risk by affected communities, and varies among and within communities. 3. Human-made crises Human-made crises are among the primary root causes of migration and have an important impact on population movements more generally. The lack of respect for international human rights and humanitarian law has compounded growing displacement of many as a consequence of their deteriorating living conditions. Countries where there is a high perception of corruption tend to be net-emigration countries, while countries where there are lower perceptions of corruption tend to be net- immigration countries. While corruption does not necessarily cause migration; it is more accurately seen as a contributing factor. 4. GLOBAL MIGRATION: OVERSEAS FILIPINO EMPLOYMENT Organized labor migration from the Philippines has been in existence for at least 400 years based on historical accounts dating as far back as the Spanish colonial period (1521-898), during which natives manned ships in the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade. Thereafter, there were several notable movements mostly to the United States, facilitated by the special colonial relationship between the two countries. However, it was not until the 1970s when the number increased rapidly, coinciding with the construction boom in the Middle East as a result of the rise in oil prices in 1973-1974. From a low of around 50,000 migrant workers in 1975, the Philippines has been deploying more than a million Filipino workers throughout the world annually since 2005. It then became a tradition that the Middle East, followed by the rest of Asia, has been the destination of migrant workers. The flow of migrant workers to the rest of Asia, especially East College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
COMMON RISKS/COSTS OF OVERSEAS FILIPINO EMPLOYMENT
1. Abuse and Violence Both male and female OFWs are at risk of the possibility of violence, abuse, trafficking, and false accusations. Further, the possibility for OFWs to be terminated because of failure to meet the standard for proper work set by their employers is more likely to occur. The tendency of foreigners to treat Filipinos as lowly contributes to the set of fears of the OFWs. When OFWs suffer discrimination, the lack of motivation to complete their tasks occurs. The loss of morale and the loss of productivity also take place. Also, the lack of protection for OFWs contributes to the said lingering fear. The most common work fears of Overseas Filipino Workers are the possibilities of abuse and violence that can lead to severe physical injuries and even death. 2. Weakened Family Ties Children who are left behind are usually not guided properly. Oftentimes, both parents are working abroad and the children would only be left under the guidance of their grandparents and relatives. Long separation creates a huge gap between the parents and children. The effect of parents' departures on toddlers and pre-teens are worse. In addition, the marital relationship between the parents is put at risk. Abroad, several extra -marital relations can result due to the distance brought about by overseas employment. As a result, the marital bond breaks leading to the destruction of the family, again leading to the detriment of the children. RELEVANT LAWS COVERING OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 8042) Omnibus Implementing Rules of the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 8042) Overseas Workers' Investment (OWI) Fund Act (Republic Act No. 7111) Welfare Fund for Overseas Workers (Amending Certain Provisions of Presidential Decree 1694, Creating the “Welfare Fund for Overseas Workers” Presidential Decree No. Welfare Fund for Overseas Workers (Organization and Administration of the Welfare Fund for Overseas Workers) Presidential Decree No. 1694 An Act Creating the Commission on Filipinos Overseas and for Other Purposes. (Batas Pambansa Bilang 79) Law Creating the POEA Executive Order No. 797 POEA Rules & Regulations Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Land-Based Overseas Workers (February 4, 2002) POEA Rules & Regulations Governing the Recruitment and Employment of Seafarers (May 23, 2003) Reorganizing the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration and for Other Purposes Executive Order No. 247 Medical Care Program for OFWs and Dependents DOLE Department Order No. 4, Series of 2001 Revised Guidelines on the Training, Testing, Certification and Deployment of Overseas Performing Artists DOLE Department Order No. 10, Series of 2001 5. GLOBAL HEALTH WHAT IS GLOBAL HEALTH? Global health is a dynamic term which is still evolving with the changing world. At present, the term Global health pertains to an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity for all people worldwide. Likewise, it has been proposed to refer to a collaborative transnational research and action for promoting "health for all peoples. Its core is founded on national public health efforts and institutions. Compared to several countries where public health is equated primarily with population-wide interventions, global health emphasizes in all strategies for health improvement, whether population-wide or individually based health care actions, and across all sectors, not just the health sector. Global health is better understood by integrating the following key concepts (as highlighted by Koplan, et al.): College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
Collaborative (or collective) highlights the critical role of collaboration in addressing all health issues and especially global issues having multiple determinants and a wide range of institutions involved in obtaining solutions. Transnational (or cross-national) pertains to the issues transcending national boundaries despite the effects of global health issues being experienced within countries. Transnational work is usually based on strong national public health institutions. This further requires the involvement of more than two countries. Research refers to the importance of developing the evidence-based policies which are multidisciplinary focusing on the effects of transnational determinants of health. Action focuses on the importance of utilizing evidence-based information as basis to improve the quality of health and health equity in all countries. Promoting (or improving) pertains to the importance of using a full range of public health and health promotion strategies in improving health. This includes initiatives toward underlying social, economic, environmental, and political determinants of health. Health for all traces back to the Alma Ata Declaration and places global health that the frontline of multi-stakeholder approaches to health improvement. Eventually, this leads to strengthening primary health care at the core of all health systems. "The widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life. These global processes are changing the nature of human interaction across a wide range of social spheres including the economic, political, cultural, and environmental" (Source: HM Government, 2008, p. 5) GLOBALIZATION AND HEALTH Globalization has been regarded as a social, cultural, and economic phenomenon. It primarily involves the evolution of common understanding of ideas, languages, foods, and popular culture. It is perceived today as the influence of the Internet, Western and Eastern, i.e., American and Korean respectively, particularly in media, television, films, and corporations. All these have been considered as driving forces either impacting positively or negatively. Furthermore, the global and rampant spread of fast food outlets and consumption has significantly revolutionized the lifestyle of the Filipino family and the youth. Advantages of globalization have been beneficial or a "benign phenomenon”. In daily practice, it had brought further developmental, sociocultural, political, and public health improvements. For example, global networks of the Internet, worldwide web, and mobile phone communication have been a driving force in globalization that have already had wide-ranging health impacts. These technological developments have provided much international health knowledge and have become more influential in dissemination of health news and information. Hence, this has become more integral to academic and commercial research and development in health, geared toward helping physicians guide their patients and their families into making well- informed decisions to effective treatment options best suited to address patient needs and their resources. On the contrary, globalization undermines local economies and cultures, replacing them with "imported" or foreign elements in culture and society. How is it that despite the increasing interconnectivities in both virtual via email, Internet, and telecommunications and subsequently real connections, there still is the evident "digital divide" and disparity among nations and socio- economically within countries? These barriers still exist regardless of being a developed country such as China, where monitoring or censoring access to various parts of the web and mobile phone networks persists. Similarly, countries such as Burma and North Korea has been severely restricting Internet access for most of their populations. Beyond virtual communications, there is a huge leap of 'real contacts brought about by international business, travel, tourism, and long-or short-term migration. These real contacts may often be beneficial but, of course, a side- effect of any international travel is the huge potential for affecting human health. Immediate impact of international travel on health is the spread of contagious and infectious diseases. This further goes beyond acute health issues but also widespread influence of common culture and lifestyles into various parts of the world. The sociocultural aspects of globalization have been held variously responsible for drifts toward Western styles of life, consumption, and morals. Many alleged by-products of such globalized lifestyles include morals, values, attitudes and behavioral change, environmental College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
World leaders committed to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 in an effort to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all. SDG 3 covers the unfinished Millennium Development Goal (MDG) agenda and newer challenges such as non- communicable diseases (NCDs), health security, tobacco, and injuries. As stated by the World Health Organization (2019), the SDG 3 aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, with the following health targets by 2030." This SDG targets the following objectives: (1) to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100 000 live births; (2) to end preventable deaths of newborns and children under five years of age, i.e., reducing neonatal deaths with a minimum of 12 per 1000 live births and under-five mortality or deaths at a minimum of 25 per 1000 live births; (3) to cease spread communicable diseases such as, AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases; (4)to decrease by a third the premature mortality or deaths through prevention of non-communicable diseases; (5) to further the promotion of mental health and well-being and reinforcing the prevention and management of substance abuse, e.g., narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol; (6) to decrease by 50 percent the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents; (7) to ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, particularly family planning, information, and education; and (8) to attain universal health coverage (UHC), specifically, financial risk protection, access to quality essential healthcare services including safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all individuals, and safety for individuals exposed to hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination. To address the SDG 3 in the Philippines, the Universal Health Care Act (UHC) or "Kalusugan Pangkalahatan" was enacted into a law, Republic Act 11223 on February 20, 2019. This law institutes UHC for all Filipinos and prescribes reforms in the Philippine Health Care System and the funds relating to the implementation health care in the country. It simply provides every Filipino the highest possible quality of health care which is accessible, efficient, equitable, appropriately funded, and fairly financed (DOH, 2019). This law ensures that all Filipinos and their communities is given the necessary quality services which are free from health threats and financial suffering. This is to be measured by the country's health service coverage and financial protection. LESSON 6: LEARNING TASKS FINAL PERIOD GE 8: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD NAME:______________________________________ SCORE:________________________ CLASS SCHEDULE:________________________________ SC ID:_________________________ FACILITATOR’S NAME: Faith D. Garoy-Micael I. Alternate Response. (10 items: 20 points). If the statement is correct, write TRUE; if otherwise, write FALSE on the space provided. TRUE 1. Global cities are central sites for advanced services and facilities of telecommunication which are necessary for the execution and the management of global economic activities. TRUE 2. Despite substantial progress in improving the lives and health of people in the Philippines, achievements have not been constant and challenges remain. TRUE 3. Ordinarily, if someone could not find a suitable source of employment in his/her own country, then there will be no other choice but to seek "greener pastures" abroad. TRUE 4.^ Demography^ is the^ scientific^ study^ of^ the^ determinants^ and^ consequences^ of^ human population trends. College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
FALSE 5. Action refers to the importance of developing the evidence-based policies which are multidisciplinary focusing on the effects of transnational determinants of health. FALSE 6. Only female OFWs are at risk of the possibility of violence, abuse, trafficking, and false accusations. FALSE 7. At present, the term global health pertains to an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving the financial status of all people worldwide. FALSE 8.^ Forced^ migrants^ are^ those^ who^ are^ not^ compelled^ to^ migrate^ due^ to^ adverse circumstances beyond their control (like war, persecution, etc.). TRUE 9.^ Malthus^ formulated^ an^ essay^ titled^ “Essay^ on^ the^ Principle^ of^ Population”,^ initially published in 1789, wherein he postulated that population tended to grow geometrically, while the means of subsistence grew only arithmetically. TRUE 10. The idea of cosmopolitanism usually invokes pleasant images of travel, exploration, and worldly pursuits enjoyed by those who have benefited from globalization and who can, in some ways, consider themselves citizens of the world. II. Essay. (2 items: 30 points). Answer briefly but substantially. Be guided with the following rubric: A GRADE (15 POINTS) An A grade is reserved for an outstanding essay that provides genuine insight and a persuasive argument. While complete originality is not required, the writer’s thesis should be complex, nuanced, and compelling. In addition, the essay structure is coherent and logical, the evidence is well-integrated, the analysis is detailed, and the writer is able to deal fairly with possible objections and other points of view. Essays that deserve an A grade require little correction in terms of spelling and grammar, though there is no expectation that the writing is flawless.
B GRADE (12 POINTS)
A B grade is given to a strong essay that has a clear structure and an effective argument. This type of essay does require some more polish and editing, but it has an interesting thesis backed up by a sufficient amount of evidence. A B essay may be a bit rough around the edges (both in terms of content and style), but it successfully accomplishes the main objectives of the assignment. C GRADE (8 POINTS) A C grade does not stand for crappy. It stands for competent. A C signifies that your writing meets all the basic requirements. Your work has structure, a decent argument, and an adequate amount of proof. In short, your work has potential. With a bit more work and editing you can turn your competent paper into something really good. To improve, you’ll likely also need to fix quite a lot of writing errors. If you struggle with a persistent error such as comma splices or apostrophe problems, your instructor may not give you anything higher than a C until you deal with the issue.
D GRADE (4 POINTS)
A D grade is given to essays that are deficient and provide barely enough content to merit a passing grade. Such essays also contain a significant number of writing errors and tend to lack at least one of the basic aspects of an essay (a thesis, a coherent argument, sufficient evidence, and good paragraph structure). A D essay often reveals some misunderstanding of the topic or assignment and requires major revision.
- Is migration a good or bad phenomenon? Justify your answer in five sentences only. Migration is a good phenomenon because it helps in improving the quality of life of people. It helps to improve social life of people as they learn about new culture, customs, and languages which help to improve brotherhood among people. Migration of skilled workers leads to greater economic growth of the region. Migration is a powerful force of social change and cultural interaction in implicated countries. It provides migrants with significant opportunities to progress. It is also a factor that has diverse developmental effects on both the home and host countries. College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
actions that take into account the entwined aspects of social, cultural, economic development, and environmental protection and enhancement. Being a multidimensional approach to development, different organizations have interpreted the sustainable development concept in various ways. For instance:
- World Bank (1992) wrote, "Sustainable development means considering the costs and benefits of developmental and environmental policies. It also signifies focusing on meticulous economic analysis in order to reinforce environmental protection." - On the other hand , IUCN, WWE, ENEP (1987) expressed that, "Sustainable development is about the conservation of ecological processes, the safeguarding of genetic diversity, and the balanced utilization of species and ecosystems." - Finally , Edward Barbier (1987) also said that, "Sustainable economic development is about improving the poor people's standard of living, in terms of enhanced food source, increased real income, education, health services, water supply, and sanitation. It is only indirectly concerned with Cumulative economic growth." World Bank's definition talks about balancing costs and benefits of policies and actions based on economic analysis. It is not clear, however, how economic analysis can guide actors in enacting activities that protect the environment and promote people's welfare. Als0, In World Bank's definition, the view of costs and benefits is somehow incomplete, neglecting their distributive aspect. Benefits may outweigh the costs but do not necessarily mean redistributing the benefits to the most impoverished. While World Bank's definition puts emphasis on the economic aspect, UNEP talks more about the sustainability and health of ecosystems and processes. Barbier's definition, on the other hand, argues that aggregate economic growth indicators are not as important as human welfare indicators especially of the poor. Alongside the different definitions of the concept are the diverse suggestions on the approach and practice to achieve sustainable development. For instance, the UK government establishes the five-principle approach to sustainable development: (Source: Securing the future: Delivering UK sustainable development strategy: Executive summary 2005:16) The UK government puts explicit emphasis on the respect of the carrying capacity of the natural environment and biodiversity as well as the achievement of a healthy and just society. The government hopes to pursue this through the sustainable economy that distributes opportunities to all and an economy that imposes accountability for environmental and social violations, participatory and good governance, and precautionary principle to account for uncertainties. College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World Living Within Environmental Limits Respecting the limits of the planet`s environment, resources and biodiversity-to—improve our environment and ensure that the natural resources needed for life are unimpaired and remain so for future generations. Ensuring a Strong, Healthy and Just Society Meeting the diverse needs of all people in existing and future communities, promoting personal wellbeing, social cohesion and inclusion, and creating equal opportunity for all. Using Sound Science Responsibly Ensuring policy is developed and implemented on the basis of strong scientific evidence, whilst taking into account scientific uncertainly (through the precautionary principle) as well as public, attitudes and Achieving a, Sustainable Economy Building a strong, stable and sustainable economy which provides prosperity and opportunities for all, and in which environmental and social costs fall on those who impose them (polluter pays), and efficient resources use incentivized. Promoting Good Governance Actively promoting effective, participative systems of governance in all levels of society— engaging people’s creativity, energy, and diversity.
In addition to that, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs argues that global sustainable development requires "significant price corrections, a strong commitment to conserve natural abilities, a decrease in inequalities, an addition of environmental accounting, a reinforcement of public spheres of life, a rerouting of the financial sector to the felt economy, and sharing of income and employment. These will increase the well-being of people, especially the poorest" (United Nations, 2013). United Nations (2013) maintains that social and environmental goals must be strongly promoted and that the well-being of poorest is prioritized. This entails making important transformations in the economy such as the eradication of inequalities through benefit sharing and accountability for environmental costs, as well as changes in politics Such as enhancement of democratic spaces. In 2000, the global leaders from the UN member states reached a consensus and adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to pursue poverty reduction and human development. It is composed of eight goals that are targeted to be achieved by the year 2015. The MDGs are:
- to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
- to achieve universal primary education; 3 to promote gender equality and empower women;
- to reduce child mortality;
- to improve maternal health;
- to combat HIVIAIDS, malaria, and other diseases
- to ensure environmental sustainability; and
- to develop a global partnership for development Although significant improvements were attained in some goals such as the decrease in the proportion of people living less than $1.25 a day, extreme poverty is still persistent. "Business as usual" or the continuation of existing global and national development strategies presented barriers to the full achievement of the MDGs (UN 2013). In 2015, UN member states adopted the 17 Sustainable Development Goals to address poverty, inequalities, and climate change by the year 2030. The 17 goals are the following: GOAL 1: No Poverty GOAL 2: Zero Hunger GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being GOAL 4: Quality Education GOAL 5: Gender Equality GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production GOAL 13: Climate Action GOAL 14: Life Below Water GOAL 15: Life on Land GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions GOAL 17: Partnerships to Achieve the Goal (United Nations) These goals are the embodiment of pursuing development that encompasses economic prosperity, social well-being, and environmental integrity. CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Poverty Poverty is usually referred to as the lack and deprivation of important basic needs of people. It is also usually identified and measured through per capita income. In the Philippines, poverty incidence was recorded at 21.0 percent in 2018 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018). Poverty incidence is the proportion of the poor population to the total population. This means that in the Philippines, one in five persons is poor. Income Inequality. There is clear evidence of fast economic growth since the 20th century as measured through the global per capita GDP. However, despite the booming economy, the gap between the rich and the poor also increased. As mentioned, the per capita GDP of the richest 25 percent of the global population increased almost six times, leaving the poorest population College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
Pollution of freshwater bodies Marine ecosystem Manila Bay pollution Depleting coastal marine resources Depleting of fish stocks Fish species extinction Threatened coral reef Urban ecosystem Destruction of green spaces such as the planned conversion of Arroceros Forest Park into a gym Deforestation is due to over extraction of forest-based products by commercial logging and massive export of forest-based products. Exploitation of mineral wealth is exacerbated by the Philippine policy that allows 100 percent foreign ownership of mining companies. Urban dwellers in Manila experienced worst water shortages in March 2019. Mineral resources of the Philippines are being over extracted by foreign mining companies at the expense of local communities and indigenous peoples. These environmentally destructive practices exacerbate poverty and vulnerability of already poor and marginalized sectors. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The current trend of economic globalization, adhering to neoliberal paradigm poses threats to the attainment of sustainable development. Economic globalization means enhancement of trading among countries. One of the most important goals is the pursuit of economic growth or enhancement of production of goods and services. Increasing trading is also about encouraging competition (Cavanagh & Mander, 2004). Some of the critiques of neoliberal economic globalization include its tendency to pursue unsustainable development. In particular:
- prioritizing of economic growth that leads to unconstrained extraction of
- resources from the environment;
- enhancing economic growth also lead to creating markets all over the world to sustain the economic growth; and
- encouraging competition is supposed to push firms to create better and cheaper products. However, this drives firms to exploit cheaper raw materials and cheap labor to produce cheaper products (Cavanagh & Mander 2004). Furthermore, the structural adjustment policies imposed by the World Bank compel local economies to prioritize repayment of foreign debts and open local resources and market to foreign corporations. These neoliberal measures increase the wealth of TNCs while decreasing social service budgets intended to uplift conditions of laborers, women, farmers, and consumers. Privatization of common resources also threatens the protection of land, water, and other natural resources (Cavanagh & Mander, 2004). In the midst of these hardships presented by economic globalization, global civil society and mass movements create innovative campaigns and strategies to oppose neoliberal globalization and pursue sustainable development. People organize themselves to respond to unsustainable global economic processes through protest, legal battles, negotiations with governments, and alliance/network building. 2. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY There is more than sufficient food produced globally to meet the food needs of all people on the planet (Action Against Hunger, n.d). Despite this, an estimated 124 million people experience acute hunger today, approximately 40 million predevelopments higher than the numbers from two years ago. In addition to that, stunted children are approximately 151 million and wasted children are estimated to be 51 million worldwide (Grebmer et al., 2018). Furthermore, small-scale farmers, fishers, and rural workers produce approximately 70 percent of food globally but are among the most vulnerable sector to food insecurity (Action Against Hunger, n.d.). These data reflecting the world status on hunger show the urgency of ensuring global Food security. Food security is projected to remain a worldwide issue for the Coming decades (Rosegrant & Cline, 2019). Food security occurs when every person, every time, is able to physically and economically access sufficient, safe, and nutritious food, depending on their dietary needs and food preferences toward an active and healthy lifestyle (World Food Summit, 1996). College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
The concept of food security emerged during the mid-70s (FAO, n.d.) It recognizes the global issue of chronic food insecurity. Food insecurity is the phenomenon "when people do not have adequate physical, social, or economic access to food" (FAO). Food security brings into public policy the food-related problem of famine, hunger, and food crises. Nations and global institutions make various commitments to achieve the eradication of hunger and food insecurity. Despite actions to address these issues, global food security remains to be a major concern. The concept of food security gained prominence in the 1970s. First, hunger was seen as a lack of food supply. The focus of government programs to make food available was boosting of agricultural production and maintaining price stability of food (food availability). However, in 1981, Amartya Sen argued that hunger or starvation is not only about the supply of food but people's lack of access to food despite the availability of food. This resulted in broadening the Concept of food security to include access to food (food accessibility), which are located in the wider concerns of poverty and development. In 1986, World Bank introduced that food insecurity can be a permanent or temporary phenomenon, giving rise to the ideas of chronic and transitory hunger. Chronic food insecurity recognizes the perennial problem of food insecurity, while transitory food insecurity talks about the momentary shortage of food. This pushes policy to recognize that sufficient food must be accessible at all times (food stability). Finally, food security was extended to include issues of food quality. It ensures the utilization of food that meets people's nutritional balance, traditions, and preferences (food utilization). Hence, the important aspects of food security are availability, access, utilization, and stability (Napoli, 2011). MEASUREMENT FOR FOOD SECURITY AND FOOD INSECURITY To understand the phenomenon of food security and food insecurity, various measures and indices have been developed. These measures and indices become the bases for actions to eradicate food insecurity and demand accountability from governments. Measures and indices can encompass analyzes of causes and/or effects, either qualitative or quantitative and may be done in several levels-from household levels to national levels (Masset, 2010). Some indicators are expressed in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Furthermore, examples of indices used for food insecurity are the Global Hunger Index and the Hunger Reduction Commitment Index. Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) and the Prevalence of Moderate and Severe Food Insecurity in the Population of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) PoU measures hunger on several levels, in the regional and global levels, by gathering data on food availability, consumption, and energy requirements. Some factors being measured are the daily per capita food consumption, human energy requirements, and agricultural production. On the other hand, the Prevalence of Moderate and Severe Food Insecurity in the Population collects data through interviews regarding people's experiences of difficulty in accessing food. Data can reflect individual and household levels and can show what part of the population are most food insecure (FAO, n.d. http://www.fao.org/hunger/en/). GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX Global Hunger Index is published by Concern International and Welthungerhilfe. It looks into indicators such as the share of the population related to:
- undernourishment referring to insufficient caloric intake
- child wasting referring children with low weight in relation to their height;
- child stunting referring to children under the age of five that have a low
- weight in relation to their age; and
- child mortality or under-five mortality rates. These indicators are given standardized scores to come up with the Global Hunger Index (GHI) score of each country. The GHI can monitor the state of hunger in the national and global levels to inform policy and actions where they are needed (Grebmer et al., 2018). HUNGER REDUCTION COMMITMENT INDEX (HRCI) Hunger Reduction Commitment Index (HRCI) initiated by the Institute of Development Studies looks into three themes that measure governments' political commitment in attaining food security: governments' policies and programs; legal frameworks; and public expenditures (Lintelo et al, 2011). College of Teacher Education Module in Contemporary World
