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LECTURE
Conversions
Return to Zero (RZ) o Any time, data contains long strings of 1’s or 0’s, Rx can loose its timing o In unipolar, we have seen a good solution is to send a separate timing signal but this solution is both expensive and full of error o A better solution is to somehow include synch in encoded signal somewhat similar to what we did in NRZ-I but it should work for both strings of 0 & 1 o One solution is RZ encoding which uses 3 values : Positive, Negative and Zero o Signal changes not b/w bits but during each bit o Like NRZ-L , +ve voltage means 1 and a –ve voltage means 0, but unlike NRZ- L, half way through each bit interval, the signal returns to zero o A 1 bit is represented by positive to zero and a 0 is represented by negative to zero transition o The only problem with RZ encoding is that it requires two signal changes to encode one bit and therefore occupies more BANDWIDTH o But of the 3 alternatives we have discussed, it is most effective
Biphase Encoding o Best existing solution to the problem of Synchronization o Signal changes at the middle of bit interval but does not stop at zero o Instead it continues to the opposite pole
Biphase Encoding
Manchester Differential Manchester
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Manchester
o Uses inversion at the middle of each bit interval for both synchronization and bit representation
Negative-to-Positive Transition= 1 Positive-to-Negative Transition = 0 By using a single transition for a dual purpose, Manchester acheives the same level of synchronization as RZ but with only two levels of amplitude
Differential Manchester
o Inversion at the middle of the bit interval is used for Synchronization but presence or absence of an additional transition at the beginning of bit interval is used to identify a bit o A transition means binary 0 & no transition means binary 1 o Requires 2 signal changes to represent binary 0 but only one to represent binary 1
Bipolar Encoding o Like RZ, it uses three voltage levels: o Unlike RZ, zero level is used to represent binary 0 o Binary 1’s are represented by alternate positive and negative voltages
Types of Bipolar Encoding
HDB
Alteration of AMI adopted in Europe and Japan Introduces changes into AMI, every time four consecutive zeros are encountered instead of waiting for eight zeros as in the case of B8ZS
As in B8ZS, the pattern of violations is based on the polarity of the previous 1 bit Unlike B8ZS, HDB3 also looks at the no. of 1’s that have occurred since the last substitution Summary
Types of Digital-To-Digital Encoding Polar Encoding
- Return to Zero (RZ) Encoding
- Biphase Encoding Bipolar Encoding
Reading Sections Section 5.1, “Data Communications and Networking” 4th Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan
