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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ONLINE

CRIME REPORTING SYSTEM

Abstract

An ideal society is governed by laws and measurable consequences are meted out to any member of the society that is found guilty of law breaking. Customarily, members of the society are expected to report any incidence of breakdown of law and order to the appropriate law enforcement authorities. In time past, the process of reporting crimes in the society (Nigeria) had involved going into any of the offices of the law enforcement agencies (e.g. Police, neighborhood corps) to make a report, which made anonymity next to impossible. But the advent of technology opened more avenues for reporting crimes; from telegraph, special radio communication, and dedicated phone lines to a more responsive and more pervasive technological application platforms (web and mobile software applications). This project develops an all-encompassing web platform that reports all manners of crimes, open to all members of the public, suggestive (search for entities), interpretative and enlightening. It also provides anonymity while reporting crime, for those who desire

• Chapter One.................................................................................................................................. Abstract…......................................................................................................................................v
• Introduction...................................................................................................................................
• 1.1 Background of Study.................................................................................................................
• 1.2 Statement of Problem...............................................................................................................
• 1.3 Aims and Objectives of Study..................................................................................................
• 1.4 Scope of Work................................................................................................................,............
• 1.5 Project Development Methodology (Agile Software Methodology)......................................
• 1.6 Motivation..................................................................................................................................
• 1.7 Project Outline..........................................................................................................................
• Chapter Two.............................................................................................................................................
• Literature Review.....................................................................................................................................
• 2.1 Crime..........................................................................................................................................
• 2.1 Types of Crimes.......................................................................................................................
• 2.1.1 Normal Crime..........................................................................................................................
• 2.1.2 Political- economic Crime......................................................................................................
• 2.1.3 Riotous Crime.........................................................................................................................
• 2.2 Factors Leading to Crime......................................................................................................
• 2.2.1 Ordinary Factors....................................................................................................................
• 2.2.1.1 Geographical...........................................................................................................................
• 2.2.1.2 Sociological..............................................................................................................................
• 2.2.1.3 Physiological And Atmospheric.............................................................................................
• 2.2.2 Specific Factors.......................................................................................................................
• 2.2.2.1 Family Circumstances...........................................................................................................
• 2.2.2.2 A Ruined Family....................................................................................................................
• 2.2.2.3 The Size of the Family...........................................................................................................
• 2.2.2.4 Discontentedness in the Family.............................................................................................
• 2.2.2.5 Fallen Family..........................................................................................................................
• 2.2.2.6 Absence of Orderliness in the Family..................................................................................
• 2.4.2.7 The Movies...............................................................................................................................
• 2.4.2.8 Financial Conditions..............................................................................................................
• 2.4.2.9 Regional Variance..................................................................................................................
• 2.4.2.10 Religious Radicalism...............................................................................................................
• 2.5 Electronic Crime Reporting Platforms.................................................................................
• 2.6 Limitations of Existing E-Crime Reporting Platforms.......................................................
• 2.7 Justice System In Nigeria......................................................................................................
• Chapter Three.........................................................................................................................................
• System Analysis.......................................................................................................................................
• 3.1 Requirement Discovery..........................................................................................................
• 3.1.1 Problem Analysis....................................................................................................................
• 3.1.2 Fact Finding.............................................................................................................................
• 3.2 System Requirements Modeling............................................................................................
• 3.2.1 Business Actors........................................................................................................................
• 3.2.2 Business Requirements Use Cases..........................................................................................
• 3.2.3 Use Case Model Diagram.......................................................................................................
• 3.2.4 Use Case Dependencies...........................................................................................................
• 3.3 Data Modeling and Analysis..................................................................................................
• 3.3.1 Entity Discovery......................................................................................................................
• 3.3.2 Context Data Model................................................................................................................
• 3.3.3 Key Based Data Model...........................................................................................................
• 3.3.4 Fully Attributed Data Model....................................................................................................
• 3.3.5 Class Diagrams...........................................................................................................................
• 3.3.6 Activity Diagram........................................................................................................................
• Chapter Four..........................................................................................................................................
• System Design..........................................................................................................................................
• 4.1 Application Architecture...........................................................................................................
• 4.1.1 Network Architecture................................................................................................................
• 4.1.2 Person-Machine Boundaries.....................................................................................................
• 4.2 System Database.........................................................................................................................
• 4.2.1 Database Schema.......................................................................................................................
• 4.3 System Interfaces.......................................................................................................................
• 4.3.1 Input Interfaces..........................................................................................................................
• 4.3.2 Output Interfaces.......................................................................................................................
• Chapter Five............................................................................................................................................
• System Implementation and Evaluation................................................................................................
• 5.1 Implementation..........................................................................................................................
• 5.1.1 Programming Tools...................................................................................................................
• 5.1.2 Hardware Requirements...........................................................................................................
• 5.1.3 Software Platform......................................................................................................................
• 5.2 System Deployment....................................................................................................................
• 5.3 Evaluation...................................................................................................................................
• Chapter Six..............................................................................................................................................
• Conclusion................................................................................................................................................
• 6.1 Achievements..............................................................................................................................
• 6.2 Limitation and Constraints.......................................................................................................
• 6.3 Recommendations and Future Works.....................................................................................
• 7.0 References....................................................................................................................................

Table 16: A Schema for User table..............................................................................................xlv Table 17: A Schema for Incident table.......................................................................................xlvi Table 18: A Schema for Role Access table...............................................................................xlvi

Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background of Study.................................................................................................................

The quest to control crime and breakdown of law and order increases has the society grows and diversity of human intentions and interactions abound. An ideal society is governed by laws and regulations that are collectively agreed upon and measurable consequences that will be meted out for any member of the society that is found culpable to have floated any specific component of the legal infrastructure. Besides the legal infrastructure in a society are the security apparatuses that enforce the law with the interest to maintain law and order. The legal infrastructures determine the extent to which law enforcement agents can act or protect the common interests of individuals in the society. It also outlines the civic responsibilities and human rights for the members of the society. Customarily, members of the society are supposed to report any incidence of breakdown of law and order to the appropriate civil and military security apparatuses. Reported cases are also supposed to be intelligently collected, evaluated and investigated to a more conclusive and justifiable end. Evidences are collected, protected and properly examined before accused persons are charged to Law court and fairly prosecuted. Investigations are carried out without fear or favour. In fact, any attempt to prevent due process during crime investigation is in itself a crime and it is also punishable under the law. Until recently, the process of reporting and investigating crimes in the society has been mainly manual. Individuals who have some complaints will work into any offices of the security agents (e.g. Police, neighborhood corps) to inform and write in statement issues that may need their attention. At these offices, the security agents will raise an incidence form and ask the reporter to fill some appropriate segments. The security agents will also ask some intelligent questions from the reporter and make notes of preliminary investigations. Evidences suggested will be noted and further investigations will be followed up and new evidences will be collected, evaluated and protected. The advent of technology has opened new fronts of opportunities of leveraging on the diverse benefits of information technology to crime reporting. There are various technology platforms that have been developed to assist how crime incidences are reported, responded to and

1.2 Statement of Problem...............................................................................................................

The notable crime reporting platforms are lopsided and not intuitive. The process of reporting crimes to security agencies still remain very difficult. The platforms are also unidirectional in the sense that they do not have feedbacks for the members of the society. The existing platforms do not support sharing of relevant information with other security agencies, thereby because owners of these platforms wants to take all the praise; while in actual fact security is being reinforced when meaningful and relevant information is shared among security stakeholders towards offering an excellent service. All these make our justice system questionable and irresponsible. We propose an all-encompassing platform that will practically address ego issues among security agencies, give feedbacks and strengthen the overall security service and existing security apparatuses.

1.3 Aims and Objectives of Study..................................................................................................

To develop a web application that demonstrates that the process of reporting, evaluating and investigating crimes in Nigeria should not be tortuous and that the model can be adopted for designing newer crime reporting platforms. Our objective is to propose a system that caters for reporting all kinds of crimes, gives feedback and sustain the process of crime investigation and correction.

1.4 Scope of Work................................................................................................................,............

We will design a web application that will provide a platform to report all manners of crimes. We will also provide a platform for different security agencies and their representatives to be registered; with a dashboard to view and interpret different report incidences. The general public will also be able to freely report, get feedback and evaluate progress of reported cases without fear or intimidation. The application will be data driven and user experience will be responsive and consistent. The applications will be accessible over the internet on computers and other mobile devices. No other hardware resources will be required and the evaluation will be mainly experimental.

1.5 Project Development Methodology (Agile Software Methodology)......................................

Methodology) Agile-Scrum Software Model Agile software methodology is a set of repetitive and incremental process models. It is considered to be most flexible and easily maneuverable for skittish requirement specifications environments. Unlike other process models where high formality is required and the specifications are expected to be known and verified before the commencement of design, Agile models allow the use of increments or possible prototypes that can evolve into a more suited and validated requirements and eventually software application. Pressman (2004) defines it as a development pattern that encourages customer satisfaction and early incremental delivery of operational software; small, highly motivated project teams; informal methods; minimal software engineering work products; and overall development simplicity. There are several evolving Agile process models for different design scenarios which are considered flexible, incremental and repetitive in approach. For this project, we would be using SCRUM Agile process model because of its support for object oriented software design. Pressman (2004) noted that Agile process models are not completely independent of the traditional process models; in fact most of the Agile models are flexible derivations or variations of the traditional approach. SCRUM Process Model It is an Agile process model which follows these activities: requirements, analysis, design, evolution and delivery. Scrum emphasizes the use of a set of software process patterns that have been proven effective for projects with tight timelines, changing requirements and business criticality. A prioritized list of project requirements or features that provide business value for the customer is made and it’s called Backlog , work units that are required to achieve a requirement defined in the backlog that must be fit into a predefined time-box are also made and it’s called Sprints. Short meetings held daily by the scrum team would also be conducted, a team leader also called the scrum master who leads the meeting and assesses the responses from each person. Demos are also done; which is a software increment to the customers so that functionality that has been implemented can be demonstrated and evaluated by the customer.

Chapter Two

Literature Review

2.1 Crime Well and meaningful societies in the world frown at crime and any social vices that undermine the collective safety and values that have been adopted in that society. Crime persists as long as human society exist, therefore there is a continuous effort and legitimacy to report, investigate and provide convincing evidences to prosecute individuals who perpetrate any criminal activity. The word Crime originated from the Latin word Crimen dubbed charge or offence. Shodghangha (2011) projected Crime as a function of the adoption of standards by the society rather than individualistic standards, that is, the society gradually determine what is perceived as good value and bad acts and proscribe possible consequences. Tappan (2001) defined Crime as an intentional act in violation of criminal law which is without an excuse. Sampson et.al (1993) also defined Crime any act or omission that is forbidden by law that can be punished by imprisonment and/or fine after due hearing in a law court. Elizabeth (2003) expressed a holistic definition of Crime as an act that is not just harmful to some individuals but also to the state or general public. The determination of what is obnoxious or sane is determined through a long and continuous complex interactions and reactions among members of a society. As society varies so what is considered as crime varies from people to people. Wilson et.al (1985) argued that there cannot be a general theory to define Crime for all societies because of the diversity of human society and culture. More so, Gottfredson et.al (1990) and Sampson et.al (1993) had a different view, stating that differences in cultures and societies do not really matter but the common characteristics in cultures can be identified and a general theory can be formulated to prescribe what the society should adopt as a crime, that is criminologist should not isolate crimes but to look for the commonality in crimes so as to propose a general rule to determining Crime for all societies. The dynamism of culture and unpredictability of human make it unlikely to have a general set of rules for all human societies. No continent is left out; Ukoji et.al (2016) reported that Africa is considered a flash point for high crime. He noted that giants of Africa like Nigeria and South Africa now have high records of violent crimes in recent time. America also has high crime index while some places in Europe

have been able to crime index by few digits. Another important component of the justice system is the crime investigation and prosecution. The general knowledge of what Crime constitutes is not enough without ultimately punishing the offender to serve as deterrent and freeing the falsely accused persons in such occasions. The general justice system constitute the laws; which indicate what Crime is, the law apparatuses like security agencies, people and processes that are followed to implement justice. The people who are to be served by the justice system may soon begin to lose confidence and underreport or result to jungle justice to redress their anger if existing justice system continues to fail with time. Criminal justice system also constitute the system of practices and institutions of Government directed at ensuring social control, deterring and mitigating crime or sanctioning individuals who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. However the perception of criminal justice system in Nigeria is usually put in poor light because of rapid and failing structures of the justice system. Tosin (2016) reported that Amnesty international has always rated Nigeria justice system poorly and it is represented as a conduit for injustice from start to end. The actors in the justice system have also not helped the situation to start acting as expected by the lofty positions they hold and the important role they play in the process of dispensing justice. There is a sentiment about law makers having vested interest thereby making inadequate laws that do not really server the interest of the general public. The judicial system is also almost compromised as judges are bribed to pervert justice and dah the hope of the common man. Components of the justice system vary for different societies. The process of the justice system is very important as it determines if the people who are served will accept the outcome of the process and continue to support the system. An important aspect of the justice system is being able to report cases, investigate and prosecute based on laws and get sentencing. Until recently, most communities report crime incidences on papers, which make the process vulnerable to alteration, theft; mutilation and erase of evidences that could have made the system apportion justice appropriately. With the advent of information technology, crime reporting has taken a new turn, has many cases can be reported independently and security agencies can easily access them and act promptly. There are state and individual sponsored ICT platforms for reporting, investigating crime and giving feed back to the people. The manual and old process does not engage the people as anticipated which has gendered all sorts of perception about how professional and sincerely reported cases have been investigated. United States of

Ogun Rape, Ritual 4 19 Bayelsa Kidnapping 2 1 Oyo Robbery 1 2 Imo Assassination, Arms 1 2 Zamfara Proliferation 1 1 Osun Murder 1 1 Plateau Assassination 2 9 Ekiti Murder 1 1 Bauchi Rape 1 - Kogi Rape 1 - 2013 Ebonyi Child trafficking 1 - Lagos Rape, car theft, ritual murder 4 - Abuja Fake UN recruitment 1 - Akwa Ibom Child Trafficking 1 - Total Event 47 Events 54 Fatalities Table 1: Crimes committed in States, by number of incidents and fatalities (Adapted from Ukoji et.al (2016)). States Armed Robbery Cultism Kidnapping Rape Domestic Violence Assassination/ Thuggery/ Hooliganism Abia 107 12 53 3 5 6 Adamawa 54 18 - - 2 2 Akwa Ibom 66 64 15 9 11 9 Anambra 225 64 36 4 19 9 Bauchi 37 2 7 1 13 42 Bayelsa 16 104 14 6 7 5 Benue 144 67 3 9 16 28 Borno 46 - 20 - 9 9 Cross River 28 40 5 1 14 5 Delta 946 202 55 7 52 32 Ebonyi 35 16 5 4 24 16 Edo 109 306 15 10 32 12 Ekiti 47 20 2 5 11 6 Enugu 72 58 6 5 13 10 FCT 78 5 3 3 13 4 Gombe 13 - - - 2 3 Imo 104 47 25 5 20 23 Jigawa 18 - 1 - 5 1 Kaduna 44 - 4 6 12 9 Kano 49 - 4 - 14 11 Katsina 24 1 3 - 7 5 Kebbi 18 - - - - 10

Kogi 66 17 12 - 18 26 Kwara 63 57 3 - 14 19 Lagos 819 323 40 34 121 172 Nasarawa 71 35 2 2 8 - Niger 22 7 1 1 14 2 Ogun 184 99 11 9 29 32 Ondo 98 20 11 6 20 10 Osun 50 7 9 4 13 17 Oyo 149 4 14 4 27 67 Table 2: Crimes Fatalities in Nigeria Between June 2006 – September 2015(Adapted from Ukoji et.al (2016)). Otwin et.al (1995) classified crimes in Nigeria into three: (a) Normal crime (b) Political- economic crime (c) Riotous 2.1.1 Normal Crime Normal crime includes criminal acts such as theft (kidnapping, shoplifting, armed robbery etc.), assault (e.g. rape, murder, manslaughter etc.), and homicide. Data on these crimes are published by the Nigerian police in annual reports which appear occasionally. However Bennett et.al (1990) and LaFree (1985) warned that reports coming from crime statistics should be treated as suspect because of inadequate and well-documented failures in reporting, recording, and collating procedures. Ekpenyong (1989) and Nkpa (1976) also reported armed robbery crime is significant among other crimes and has occurred throughout Nigerian history. It has become increasingly violent, however, following the civil war for two reasons: (a) criminals were able to buy or steal weapons from the military, and (b) some demobilized and unemployed soldiers who had few legitimate prospects after the war ended were enticed into using their military skills for illegality. Although the actual number of robberies are few, when they occur they are dramatic and heavily reported in the national media. More recently kidnapping, murder and sexual assault have reached a crescendo. Jobless youth and former service men have been confirmed to be main culprits on most arrests and they confessed to have found these three criminal acts very financially rewarding. Civil societies and elder-state men have called on the three tiers of government in Nigeria, to step-up and fix the

Elite political crimes take many forms as well. A military coup, technically, is a crime, and people killed in the process are homicide victims. There is no legal basis for taking over the government by force. Of course, once the military is in power, it does not punish its members. Many Nigerians also believe that the military's actions, despite the justificatory rhetoric it promotes over the airwaves, are done largely for economic gains-by the organization to protect its share of the budget and by individuals to gain access to corrupt opportunities. Other forms of political crime are fraud and violence during election campaigns and the use of state power for political ends (e.g., the use of police and other security organizations to arrest and detain critics of the government). The contest to control the government, since it is the largest source of legal and corrupt income is intense and leads to considerable fraud, manipulation, thugery, and violence during electoral campaigns, during the vote counting, and as the results are announced. This is true of all elections to date. In some instances (e.g., the 1965 and 1983 elections in the western states), conditions were perceived to be out of control and to maintain order was beyond the powers of state agencies Ihonvbere (1994) reported that government sometimes sponsor repression against her own, despite assertions to the contrary, it is fairly rare. Most serious are the occasional political killings carried out by the police and the military. Usman (1982) stated that the evidence of government’s involvement in a particular episode is often contested and vague, even when widely suspected and debated in the public life. Two prominent examples are the assassinations in 1986 of a popular news magazine editor, Dele Giwa, by a letter bomb delivered to his home, and the suspicious death of Dr. Bala Mohammed, the senior advisor to the governor of Kano State during the riots of 1981 and late Chief Funso Williams; a governorship aspirant in Lagos State.

2.1.3 Riotous Crime.........................................................................................................................

The last major form of crime is riotous crime. Gurr et.al (1971) reported that acts are carried out during riots, which, if done at other times, would be considered crimes. People are assaulted, injured, and killed; property is destroyed; practically every order-maintaining regulation is broken. Most scholars label such events turmoil or civil unrest. As individual acts, however, they also are crimes. Riots occur for many reasons, which shift over time. Armed confrontation over