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Criminal Justice DSST
Acquittal - correct answer The judgement of a court that the defender is not guilty. Adjucation - correct answer Determination of guilt or innocence -- a judgement concerning criminal charges. Adult - correct answer A person considered a criminal, not a juvenile delinquent, because his or her age was above a standard limit, usually 16 or 17. Alternative Facility - correct answer A place of limited confinement for certain types of offenders, including minimum-security facilities for communities or treatment locations for those with drug problems. Less secure, but more stimulating. Appeal - correct answer A request by either defense or prosecution (called the appellant) that a case be bumped up to a higher court. Arraignment - correct answer When someone appears in court, is informed of the accusations against him or her, and offers a plea. Assault - correct answer Unlawfully and intentionally causing or threatening harm to another person. Aggravated means it causes or threatens serious injury, maybe with a deadly weapon; simple is less than serious injuries without deadly weapons. Backlog - correct answer The number of cases that go over the court's capacity, and can't be dealt with because the court is busy. Booking - correct answer The police record an arrest and identify who, where, when, who did the arresting, and why. CCH - correct answer Computerized criminal history
Community Facility - correct answer A correctional facility people can come and go from regularly to use communal resources like schools, or to get a job. Complaint - correct answer A formal written accusation made by anyone, usually a prosecutor who's granted it, and filed in court, alleging that a specific person has committed a specific offense. A prosecutor can deny it and not seek indictment, or it can be requested by the police. Confinement Facility - correct answer A correctional facility which the inmates can't leave regularly. Folkways - correct answer Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture Friedensgeld - correct answer The practice of paying restitution for crime to both the victim and the Crown. Mores - correct answer Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance Lex Talionis - correct answer Law of retribution; "an eye for an eye." Lex Eterna - correct answer One of the major terms describing eternal law, intended for the common good. It cannot be changed by humans. Lex Naturalis - correct answer Legal theory that there are laws that occur naturally and across cultures. Lex Humana - correct answer Laws that are enacted by human beings Lex Salica - correct answer Also known as wergild, a fine that was paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he had injured or killed. Was class-dependent.
Lock Psychosis - correct answer Term denoting overconcentration of prison administrators with security and community protection. to be accomplished through extensive use of locks, head counts, and internal control of inmates. Ideologies of Justice - correct answer - Correctional
- Punishment
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Deterrence
- Disablement/Incapacitation Models of Corrections - correct answer - Medical
- Treatment
- Reintegration
- Restoration
- Paramilitary Plea Bargain - correct answer A negotiation in which the defendant agrees to enter a plea of guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor agrees to drop a more serious charge. Presumptive Sentencing - correct answer A predetermined range of a minimum, average, and maximum term for a specific crime for a "typical" offender, with allowances for mitigating and aggravating circumstances to be considered. Remand - correct answer t=The act of sending an accused person back into custody to await trial (or the continuation of the trial). Writ of Habeas Corpus - correct answer A court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person.
Writ of Mandamus - correct answer An extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion. Recognizance - correct answer A guarantee that the accused will appear in court when required, under penalty of a fine or up to $500. Jail - correct answer An institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours, but less than one year. Prison - correct answer An institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies, for more than one year. Weekender - correct answer a jail inmate who is allowed to live at home during the week (usually to work) and who must report to jail to serve his or her sentence on weekends. Sursis - correct answer A suspended sentence in European countries requiring no future punishment provided the offense remains crime-free during a specific time period. PSI Report - correct answer pre-sentence investigation an investigation and summary report of a convicted offender's background, which helps the judge decide on an appropriate sentence. Risk and Needs Assessment - correct answer Instruments used to determine the probability of recidivism or future criminal behavior. Intermediate Sanctions - correct answer A variety of punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration. Can be monetary (day fines, restitution), labor-based (community service), treatment-based (drug or addiction programs) or based on location/mobility (electronic monitoring, boot camps, shock incarceration and probation, home detention or day reporting).
OJJDP - correct answer Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Delinquency Prevention Act - correct answer Non-justice programs, to prevent the occurrence of delinquent acts. Juvenile Waiver - correct answer A procedure by which a charge(s) against a minor is transferred from a juvenile to circuit court. Decarceration - correct answer Process of releasing offenders from institutional facilities, primarily by closing those facilities Kent v. United States - correct answer (1959) First U.S supreme court case in which it was ruled that juveniles facing waiver to adult court are entitled to some basic due process rights. In re Gault - correct answer In 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court decision gave juveniles accused of crimes the same due process rights as adults. Ruiz v. Estelle - correct answer 1980 federal court decision that declared the Texas prison system to be unconstitutional on the grounds of overcrowding, understaffing, and poor conditions and services (such as medical, educational, occupational, and mental health services). This ruling called for a series of reforms to the Texas prison system. Section 1983 - correct answer A legal statute which allows a citizen (typically a prison inmate) to sue a state or local government official who has deprived the citizen of some constitutional right or witheld some benefit to which the citizen is entitled. Estelle v. Gamble - correct answer 1976 Supreme Court ruling that the deliberate indifference of prison officials or personnel to the serious medical needs of inmates constitutes cruel and unusual punishment proscribed by the 8th Amendment. Megan's Law - correct answer Legislation requiring that communities be alerted to the presence of sex offenders.
Expungement - correct answer A legal process that results in the removal of a conviction from official records. Gregg v. Georgia - correct answer The 1976 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty, stating, "It is an extreme sanction, suitable to the most extreme of crimes." Furman v. Georgia - correct answer 1972 Supreme Court ruling which struck down all state laws allowing the death penalty, stating that they allowed for too much discretion on the part of the judge and jury resulting in lack of consistent administration of the penalty. Malice Aforethought - correct answer The state of mind manifesting an intent to kill or conscious disregard of human life.
