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Cyber security basic to advanced, Study notes of Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and Data Privacy

Savitribai Phule Pune University Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and Data Privacy

Notes in Cyber security easy understanding and basic concepts clear about cyber security

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2025/2026

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Important Questions from Cyberspace with solution

Module 1 Cyber Space

1) Introduction to Cyber space?

Ans: About Cyberspace: -

• The term cyberspace was initially introduced by William Gibson in his 1984

book, “Necromancer”

• Since cyberspace is a virtual space, it has no boundaries, mass, or gravity.

It just interconnects computers.

• Cyberspace refers to the virtual computer world, and more specifically, is

an electronic medium used to form a global computer network to facilitate

online communication.

• It is a large computer network made up of many worldwide computer

networks that employ TCP/IP protocol to aid in communication and data

exchange activities.

• Cyberspace's core feature is an interactive and virtual environment for a

broad range of participants.

• Cyberspace allows users to share information, interact, swap ideas, play

games, engage in discussions or social forums, conduct business and create

(intuitive) spontaneous media, among many other activities.

2) What is TCP and IP? What is Protocol? (One)

Ans: TCP

• TCP stands for "Transmission Control Protocol". It provides end to end

transmission of data, i.e., from source to destination.

• It is a very complex protocol as it supports recovery of lost packets.

IP:

• IP- In order to communicate, we need our data to be encapsulated as Internet

Protocol (IP) packets.

• IP packets travel across number of hosts in a network through routing

(steering) to reach the destination.

Discover Study notes of Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Savitribai Phule Pune University

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Important Questions from Cyberspace with solution

Module 1 Cyber Space

Introduction to Cyber space? Ans: About Cyberspace: -

The term cyberspace was initially introduced by William Gibson in his 1984 book , “Necromancer”
Since cyberspace is a virtual space , it has no boundaries , mass , or gravity. It just interconnects computers.
Cyberspace refers to the virtual computer world , and more specifically, is an electronic medium used to form a global computer network to facilitate online communication.
It is a large computer network made up of many worldwide computer networks that employ TCP/IP protocol to aid in communication and data exchange activities.
Cyberspace's core feature is an interactive and virtual environment for a broad range of participants.
Cyberspace allows users to share information, interact, swap ideas, play games, engage in discussions or social forums , conduct business and create (intuitive) spontaneous media , among many other activities.

What is TCP and IP? What is Protocol? (One) Ans: TCP

TCP stands for "Transmission Control Protocol". It provides end to end transmission of data , i.e., from source to destination.
It is a very complex protocol as it supports recovery of lost packets. IP:
IP - In order to communicate, we need our data to be encapsulated as Internet Protocol (IP) packets.
IP packets travel across number of hosts in a network through routing (steering) to reach the destination.

Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules for formatting and processing data. Network Protocol are like common language for Computer. The computer with they may use different software and hardware; however, The use of protocols enables them to communicate with each other regardless. A protocol is a standard set of rules that allow electronic devices to communicate with each other

Difference between Physical world Vs. Cybwrspace? Ans: Physical World Cyberspace Static , well-defined , and incremental Dynamic , undefined , and exponential Has fixed shape or form Is as vast as the human imagination and has no fixed shape In a human brain, there are countless neurons which create a spectrum of life. Similarly, the cyberspace represents millions of computers creating a spectrum of digital life. Therefore, cyberspace is a natural extension of the physical world into an infinite world.
History of Internet? Ans: The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several technological & Infrastructural changes

The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET).
ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.

Computers use IP addresses but for us humans, it’s more convenient to use domain names and hostnames instead of IP addresses.
If you want, you could visit dayanandasagar.edu by going directly to IP address 95.85.36.216, but typing in the domain name dayanandasagar.edu it becomes easier.
There are 13 root name servers that have information for the generic top level domains like com, net, org, biz, edu or country specific domains like uk, nl, de, be, au, ca , in, and many more

Protocol Suits? Ans: The Internet protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, is the set of communications protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks. The current foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks.
Layers of Internet/OSI? Ans:

Advantages & Disadvantages of Internet Community? Ans: Advantages of internet communities:

Offers instant information exchange, encourages real life community,
Used in many activities from home such as, shopping, paying bills and searching specific information.
Users of online communities have access to thousands of specific discussions groups for accessing information in categories such as politics, technical assistance, social activities, health advices etc.,
Economically virtual communities can be commercially successful making money through memberships fees, subscriptions, usage fees and advertisements.
Transactions made online are very comfortable and easy provided the seller has good reputation throughout the community. Dis-advantages of internet communities:
Instant communication means fast access, it also means that information is posted without being reviewed for correctness.
Difficult to choose reliable sources since there is no editor who reviews each post and makes sure it is up to certain degree of quality.
In theory online identities can be kept unidentified which enables people to use virtual community for fantasy role playing through avatars which is illegal

What is WWW? (One) Ans: WWW (World Wide Web)

WWW stands for World Wide Web.
A technical definition of the World Wide Web is − All the resources and users on the Internet use Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee helped and found, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): (Association)
The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible for information, a personification of human knowledge.
In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between computers on the Internet,
Information is tied together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.

Now the web browser receives the web page, It interprets it and display the contents of web page in web browser’s window.

HTML tags? (One) Ans: HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
- HTML was created by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991 but was published in the year 1995
- HTML 4.01 was a major version of HTML and it was published in late 1999
- HTML 5.01 is the latest one which is the extension of the previous version was published in 2012 The key advantages of HTML is to
- Create Web site ,
- Become a web designer,
- Understand web,
- Learn other languages such as java script, php or angular Applications of HTML:
- Web pages development
- Internet Navigation
- Responsive UI
- Offline support
- Game development - HTML

HTML Tags HTML tags are like keywords which defines that how web browser will format and display the content. With the help of tags, a web browser can distinguish between an HTML content and a simple content. HTML tags contain three main parts: opening tag, content and closing tag. But some HTML tags are unclosed tags. When a web browser reads an HTML document, browser reads it from top to bottom and left to right. HTML tags are used to create HTML documents and render their properties. Each HTML tags have different properties.

IP Address and Example? Ans: An internet protocol (IP) address allows computers to send and receive information.

There are four types of IP addresses: public, private, static , and dynamic.
An IP address allows information to be sent and received by the correct parties , which means they can also be used to track down a user's physical location.
An IP address is a number identifying of a computer or another device on the Internet.
IP number. Internet address. Whatever you call it, it's your link to the world.
Without IP Addresses, the Internet Would Disappear.
"It's a network address for your computer so the Internet knows where to send you emails, data and pictures Eg: of IP Address is 182.72.191.

URL? (One) Ans: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is nothing more than the address of a given unique resource on the Web. In theory, each valid URL points to a unique resource. Such resources can be an HTML page, a CSS document, an image, etc. In practice, there are some exceptions, the most common being a URL pointing to a resource that no longer exists or that has moved. As the resource represented by the URL and the URL itself are handled

Web Server? Ans: a program that uses HTTP for serving files that create web pages for users in responses to their requests that are sent by http clients of their computer is called web server Let’s us take an example: if you are browsing or working with your compute and your computer is connected to internet A message pops up from your friend indicating that https://www.linkedin.com/webnotes /blog is very good to read and is very informative, You literally copy that link into your browser and press enter, immediately your system displays the information on the screen. Now where is this blog--- it is in any of the servers in the world. Different types of webservers lighttpd Sun Java System Web Server Jigsaw Server Apache
Web Browser? Functions, Examples? (One) Ans: Web browsers

The special software or application program with which you can access web is called "Web Browser".
A web search engine or Internet search engine is a software system that is designed to carry out web search (Internet search),
World Wide Web in a systematic way to search for a particular information specified in a textual web search query. (firefox, safari, chrome, Internet explorer,)

Functions: Functions of browser are as follow:

Web browser functions are to provide the resources or information to the user when asked by them.
It processes the user inputs in the form of URL like http://www.google.com in the browser and allows the access to that page. URL is used to identify the resources and fetch them from the server and displays it to the client.
It allows the user to interact with the web pages and dynamic content like surveys, forms, etc.
It also allows the user to navigate through the complete web page and see its source code in the HTML format.
It provides security to the data and the resources that are available on the web that is by using the secure methods

Differentiate between web browser and web server? (Two) Ans: WEB BROWSERS WEB SERVERS
- Application program that displays a World wide web document. - Web server is a program or the computer that provide services to other programs called client.
- The Web browser requests the server for the web documents and services. - The Web server accepts, approve and respond to the request made by the web browser for a web document or services.
- The web browser act as an interface between the server and the client and displays a web document to the client. - The web server is a software or a system which maintain the web applications, generate response and accept clients data
- Doesn’t exist any processing model for the web browser. - There exist three types of processing models for web server i.e Process- based, Thread based and Hybrid.

You have access to paid advertising services - You have to wait to see results
You build your brand • Cyberbullying
You drive traffic to your website - Hacking of information
You can evaluate your performance- marketing campaign - Security issues
You can join social media networks for free - Health issues
You can create viral content • Glamorizes drugs and alcohol

Use of Hyper text links in Internet access? (One) Ans: Hyperlinks between different parts of a document or between different documents create a branching or network structure that can accommodate direct, unmediated jumps to pieces of related information. The treelike structure of hyperlinked information contrasts with the linear structure of a print encyclopedia or dictionary, for example, whose contents can be physically accessed only by means of a static, linear sequence of entries in alphabetical order. Hyperlinks are, in a sense, cross-references that afford instant access to their target pieces of information. Such links are most effective when used on a large array of information that is organized into many smaller, related pieces and when the user requires only a small portion of information at any one time. Hyperlinks have been used most successfully by Web sites on the Internet.
What are ad-click? What is the use? (One) Ans: Ad Click, Or Simply Clicks is a marketing metric that counts the number of times users have clicked on a digital advertisement to reach an online property.

Use: If you have a campaign running, you are probably able to access click data on each specific ad. You may see data like this: Ad 1: 4,686 clicks Ad 2: 1,248 clicks Ad 3: 984 clicks You can see that Ad 1 is the higher performing ad by clicks. You may want to evaluate this ad and figure out why audiences tend to click on it more. You may also want to review Ad 3 and try to determine why it is not receiving as many clicks

Reasons for creating Facebook? (One) Ans: Facebook, one of the most popular websites on the Internet. started small and became enormous within just a few years. Mark Zuckerberg is the creator of Facebook and he created it while attending Harvard University. He had a few reasons for creating the platform that many people use to share information with their friends and family.

College Interaction.
Share Information
Business
Privacy Concerns.

EDI and Its layers? (One) Ans: Electronic Data Interchange. EDI, which stands for electronic data interchange, is the intercompany communication of business documents in a standard format. The simple definition of EDI is a standard electronic format that replaces paper-based documents such as purchase orders or invoices. By automating paper-based transactions, organizations can save time and eliminate costly errors caused by manual processing. EDI architechture specifies 4 layers:- 1)Semantic (application layer) 2)Standard transaction layer 3)Packing (transport) layer 4)Physical n/w infrastructure layer.

Class C In a Class C network, the first two bits are set to 1, and the third bit is set to 0. That makes the first 24 bits of the address the network address and the remainder as the host address. Class C network addresses range from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0. There are over 2 million possible Class C networks. Class D Class D addresses are used for multicasting applications. Unlike the previous classes, the Class D is not used for "normal" networking operations. Class D addresses have their first three bits set to “1” and their fourth bit set to “0”. Class D addresses are 32-bit network addresses, meaning that all the values within the range of 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255 are used to uniquely identify multicast groups. There are no host addresses within the Class D address space, since all the hosts within a group share the group’s IP address for receiver purposes. Class E Class E networks are defined by having the first four network address bits as 1. That encompasses addresses from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. While this class is reserved, its usage was never defined. As a result, most network implementations discard these addresses as illegal or undefined. The exception is 255.255.255.255, which is used as a broadcast address.

CC and BCC necessary in Email? (One) Ans: CC is the email shorthand for carbon copy, referring to how CC distributes copies of your message to each recipient. Your email service provides three text fields for you to add recipients: To, CC and BCC. You use the To field for recipients directly involved in what the email discusses or who you expect to reply to you. CC, however, enables you to share the same information quickly with other colleagues while signaling that they don't have to take immediate action. Email addresses listed as CC also receive replies to your original email. BCC is shorthand for blind carbon copy. It performs the same copying function as CC but with two key differences: Emails entered as BCC are invisible to other recipients and don't receive future replies to the thread. BCC is therefore useful when you want to protect the privacy of recipients who need to receive the same email. It's also a considerate option for emails with long lists of recipients because it removes the clutter that would occur with a CC list.

FTP? (One) Ans: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) refers to a group of rules that govern how computers transfer files between systems over the internet. Businesses use FTP to send files between computers, and websites use FTP for the uploading and downloading of files from their servers.
Search Engine? Components? (One) Ans: A search engine is a software program that helps people find the information they are looking for online using keywords or phrases. Search engines are able to return results quickly—even with millions of websites online—by scanning the Internet continuously and indexing every page they find. A search engine is an information retrieval software program that discovers, crawls, transforms and stores information for retrieval and presentation in response to user queries. A search engine normally consists of four components e.g. search interface, crawler (also known as a spider or both), indexer, and database. The crawler traverses a document collection, deconstructs document text, and assigns surrogates for storage in the search engine index. Online search engines store images, link data and metadata for the document as well.
Cyber Scaling? (Two) Ans:
ERP? (One) Ans: Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a process used by companies to manage and integrate the important parts of their businesses. Many ERP software applications are important to companies because they help them implement resource planning by integrating all of the processes needed to run their companies with a single system. An ERP software system can also integrate planning, purchasing inventory, sales, marketing, finance, human resources, and more. 32) , , ? (One) Ans:

DNS : DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM

Search engines: Bing, Google, yandex, CC Search, duckduckgo, startpage, swisscows, Gibiru, one search, wiki and many more (17) Virtual Computer world: we can also call it as computer simulated world. Create personal avatar, simultaneously and independently explore the virtual world, participate in its activities and communicate with others. TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Protocol: A protocol is a standard set of rules that allow electronic devices to communicate with each other.

Firstly, cyberspace is a digital medium and not a physical space.
It is an interactive world and is not a copy of the physical world. Physical world : the physical world is the only world there is, or the only world that is real It talks about bodies that exist, the only things that exist are material things, the. world contains nothing but physical entities. You can see it, touch it, taste it, hear it, or smell it. The physical world is all of the stuff around you Exponential : increasing
The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices.
With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more.
You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also called going online.

ARPANET:

ARPANET was created to make it easier for people to access computers, improve computer equipment, and to have a more effective communication method for the military. ARPANET grew from a network of four computer sites to one with 111 computers belonging to universities, research facilities and the military. Over a period of time ARPANET started Using satellite links, ARPANET connected computer systems in the continental United States to computers in Hawaii and Europe. Routers: They are responsible for receiving, analysing, and forwarding data packets among the connected computer networks. When a data packet arrives, the router inspects the destination address, consults its routing tables to decide the optimal route and then transfers the packet along this route. List servers A list server (mailing list server) is a program that handles subscription requests for a mailing list and distributes new messages, newsletters, or other postings from the list's members to the entire list of subscribers as they occur or are scheduled.

Protocol suite : The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes seven layers that computer systems use to communicate over a network. The seven layers are
Application layer - human interaction layer where applications can access the network services
Presentation layer - ensures that data is in the usable format and where the data gets encrypted

Cyber security basic to advanced, Study notes of Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and Data Privacy

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Cyber security basic to advanced and more Study notes Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and Data Privacy in PDF only on Docsity!

Important Questions from Cyberspace with solution

Module 1 Cyber Space

DNS : DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM

ARPANET: