Download D278 SCRIPTING AND PROGRAMMING FOUNDATIONS COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% and more Exams Advanced Algorithms in PDF only on Docsity!
D278 SCRIPTING AND PROGRAMMING
FOUNDATIONS COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT
โ =. Answer: In programming, = is an assignment of a left-side variable with a right-side value. It does not represent equality like in mathematics. โ Variable declaration. Answer: Declares a new variable, specifying the variable's name and type. โ Identifier. Answer: A name created by a programmer for an item like a variable or function. An identifier must: be a sequence of letters (a-z, A-Z), underscores (_), and digits (0-9), AND start with a letter or underscore. โ Reserved word or keyword. Answer: A word that is part of the language, like integer, Get, or Put. A programmer cannot use a reserved word as an identifier. โ Lower camel case. Answer: Abuts multiple words, capitalizing each word except the first, such as numApples.
โ Underscore separated. Answer: Words are lowercase and separated by an underscore, such as num_apples. โ Expression. Answer: A combination of items, like variables, literals, operators, and parentheses, that evaluates to a value. Example: 2 * (x+1) โ Literal. Answer: A specific value in code, like 2. โ Operator. Answer: A symbol that performs a built-in calculation, like the operator + which performs addition. โ Unary minus. Answer: The subtraction sign (-) used as a negative. โ Note about integer literal. Answer: Commas are not allowed, so 1,333,555 must be written as 1333555. โ Incremental development. Answer: The process of writing, compiling, and testing a small amount of code, then writing, compiling, and testing a small amount more (an incremental amount), and so on. โ Floating-point number. Answer: A real number, like 98.6, 0.0001, or - 666.667.
โ Constant. Answer: A named value item that holds a value that cannot change. โ Element. Answer: Each item in an array. โ Index. Answer: In an array, each element's location number. โ Scalar variable. Answer: A single-item (non-array) variable. โ Branch. Answer: A sequence of statements only executed under a certain condition. โ Nested branches. Answer: A branch's statements can include any valid statements, including another if-else branch. โ Equality operator. Answer: Checks whether two operand's values are the same (==) or different (=!). Note that equality is ==, not just =. โ Relational operator. Answer: Checks how one operand's value relates to another, like being greater than.
โ Logical operator. Answer: Treats operands as being true or false, and evaluates to true or false. Logical operators include and, or, not. โ Epsilon. Answer: The difference threshold indicating that floating- point numbers are equal. โ if-else statement. Answer: An if expression with the true branch's sub-statements, followed by an else part with any false branch sub- statements. โ if statement. Answer: An if expression followed by sub- statements, with no else part. โ if-elseif statement. Answer: Starts with an if expression, followed by elseif expressions, and ending with else; when a program reaches the statement, exactly one of those branches will execute. When the else branch has no statements, the else part is omitted. โ Loop. Answer: A program construct that repeatedly executes the loop's statements (known as the loop body) while the loop's expression is true; when false, execution proceeds past the loop. Each time through a loop's statements is called an iteration. โ Infinite loop. Answer: A loop that never stops iterating. A common error is to accidentally create an infinite loop, often by forgetting to
โ Function call. Answer: An invocation of a function's name, causing the function's statements to execute. โ Parameter. Answer: A function input specified in a function definition. Example: A pizza area function might have diameter as an input. โ Argument. Answer: A value provided to a function's parameter during a function call. Example: A pizza area function might be called as PrintPizzaArea(12.0). โ Modular development. Answer: The process of dividing a program into separate modules that can be developed and tested separately and then integrated into a single program. โ Function stub. Answer: A function definition whose statements have not yet been written. โ Return statement. Answer: Returns the specified value and immediately exits the function. โ Algorithm time efficiency. Answer: The number of calculations required to solve a problem. For the same problem, some algorithms may be much more time efficient than others.
โ Systems development life cycle (SDLC). Answer: Analysis phase, design phase, implementation phase, and testing phase. โ Analysis phase. Answer: Defines a program's goals. โ Design phase. Answer: Defines specifics of how to build a program. โ Implementation phase. Answer: Involves writing the program. โ Testing phase. Answer: Checks that the program correctly meets the goal. โ Waterfall approach. Answer: A program can be built by carrying out the SDLC phases in sequence. The term waterfall is used because, just like a boat going down river doesn't come back, no earlier phase is come back to. โ Agile approach (spiral approach). Answer: In contrast, a program can be built by doing small amounts of each SDLC phases in sequence, and then repeating.
object that is composed of data members and functions (sometimes called methods) that operate on those data members. โ Sequence diagram. Answer: A behavioral diagram that shows interaction between software components and indicates the order of events. These diagrams are commonly used to illustrate the sequence of events needed to handle a particular scenario in software. โ Compiled language. Answer: First converted by a tool (compiler) into machine code, which can run on a particular machine. Examples include C, C++, and Java. โ Interpreted language (scripting language). Answer: A language that is run one statement at a time by another program called an interpreter. Examples include Python, Javascript, C#, and MATLAB. โ Statically typed. Answer: Each variable's type must be declared and cannot change while the program runs. (Static means unchanging). C, C++, and Java are popular examples. โ Dynamically typed. Answer: A variable's type may change while a program executes, usually based on what is assigned to the variable. (Dynamic means changing). Python is a popular example.
โ Object. Answer: In a program, an object consists of some internal data items plus operations that can be performed on that data. โ Object-oriented language. Answer: Supports decomposing a program into objects. C++, Java, Python, and C# provide extensive object-oriented support. In fact, the ++ in C++ suggests C++ is better than C, due in large part to supporting objects. C does not. MATLAB and Javascript provide some support. โ Markup language. Answer: Allows a developer to describe a document's content, desired formatting, or other features. A popular markup language is HTML. HTML allows a developer to describe the text, links, images, and other features of a web page. While some people refer to "HTML programming", a markup language is not executed statement-by-statement like a programming language, and an HTML file is not a program. Rather, a web browser reads an HTML file and renders the corresponding web page. An HTML file surround text by different tags to yield different formatting. โ Library. Answer: A set of pre-written functions (and other terms) that carry out common tasks that a programmer can use to improve productivity. After including a library with a program, a programmer can make use of the library's functions. A library's functions typically all relate to the same purpose, like computing statistics, or like displaying graphics. A programmer may include several libraries in a single program.
