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DAANCE Module 1: Nervous and Cardiovascular Systems - Questions and Answers, Exams of Biomedicine

Nevada State CollegeBiomedicine

Questions and answers related to the nervous and cardiovascular systems, covering topics such as the role of the central nervous system, the structure and functions of the nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, the cardiovascular system, and the heart. It also includes information on valves, vessels, and heart rhythms.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 04/07/2024

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DAANCE module 1: Basic Sciences
Questions And Answers
1)What is the role of the central nervous system?
2)What are the 3 subdivisions of the central nervous
system?
- correct answer 1) To provide overall control of body
function
2) Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System,
Autonomic Nervous System
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What are the cells of the nervous system called?
2) What are they responsible for?
3) What is action potential? What happens during this?
4) How is this related to a synapse?
5) What is a synapse?
- correct answer 1) Neurons
2) Responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the
brain and from one body part to another
3) The nerves threshold of stimulus. When an impulse
reaches the threshold, the impulse travels along the
neuron at a constant rate.
4) When an impulse reaches the end of the neuron, it can
pass to another neuron across a synapse.
5) A junction between two neurons.
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Download DAANCE Module 1: Nervous and Cardiovascular Systems - Questions and Answers and more Exams Biomedicine in PDF only on Docsity!

Questions And Answers

1)What is the role of the central nervous system? 2)What are the 3 subdivisions of the central nervous system?

  • correct answer 1) To provide overall control of body function
  1. Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System NERVOUS SYSTEM:
  2. What are the cells of the nervous system called?
  3. What are they responsible for?
  4. What is action potential? What happens during this?
  5. How is this related to a synapse?
  6. What is a synapse?
  • correct answer 1) Neurons
  1. Responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain and from one body part to another
  2. The nerves threshold of stimulus. When an impulse reaches the threshold, the impulse travels along the neuron at a constant rate.
  3. When an impulse reaches the end of the neuron, it can pass to another neuron across a synapse.
  4. A junction between two neurons.

Questions And Answers

DEPOLARIZATION/REPOLARIZATION:

  1. Explain depolarization.
  2. What substance is often the material moving in and out of the membrane?
  3. What is the wave of polarization?
  4. Explain repolarization.
  5. How does this relate to local anesthetics?
  • correct answer 1) The outside of a nerve membrane is positively charged. When those charges move into the membrane, the outside is left negatively charged.
  1. Na+ ions
  2. The movement of changing charges during depolarization.
  3. After the nerve impulse passes through the nerve, the nerve fibers become repolarized, or positively charged, again.
  4. Local anesthetics interfere with Na+ ions traveling through the ion channels, preventing depolarization and slowing or stopping the nerve impulses. SYNAPSES:
  5. What is a terminal button?
  6. What are pre-synaptic and post-synaptic?
  7. What is a synaptic cleft?

Questions And Answers

  1. Essential functions- thought, learning, memory, consciousness, feeling of sensation (such as pain or heat), and initiation of muscle movement. CORE OF THE BRAIN:
  2. What is its main purpose?
  3. What does one of the core's components do?
  4. What can other important structures in the core do?
  • correct answer 1) Impulses pass through the core on their way to or from the cerebral cortex.
  1. It serves as a relay station between sensory inputs from the periphery of the body to the cerebral cortex.
  2. They play important roles in the body's autonomic (automatic) functions, and emotions. CEREBELLUM:
  3. What is the purpose?
  • correct answer 1) It is the coordinating center for both sensory receptors (vision, hearing) and coordination of movement. BRAINSTEM:
  1. Where is this located?
  2. What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

Questions And Answers

  1. What important control centers does it contain?
  2. What else does it contain, and what does this do?
  • correct answer 1) Between the brains core and the spinal cord (inferiorly).
  1. midbrains, pons, medulla oblongata.
  2. Autonomic (automatic) nervous system.
  3. Reticular formation, responsible for consciousness or arousal. BRAINSTEM:
  4. What does the lower portion of the brainstem contain?
  5. What does the pons do?
  6. What does the medulla do?
  • correct answer 1) Pons and medulla.
  1. It connects to the the cerebellum, and controls coordination and movement.
  2. Contains centers which control blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory, and digestion. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
  3. What does this system consist of?
  4. What are sensory nerves?
  5. What are motor nerves?

Questions And Answers

  1. Facial nerve, supplies motor fibers for facial expression such as smiling, frowning, etc.
  2. Trigeminal nerve CRANIAL NERVE, TRIGEMINAL NERVE: Mandible
  3. What are the 3 branches of the nerve?
  4. What nerves are anesthetized when working on the mandible? What is this injection called?
  5. What areas does this affect?
  • correct answer 1) Opthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular.
  1. Inferior alveolar and lingual nerves. Mandibular block.
  2. Mandibular teeth, chin, lips, half of the tongue, and the floor of the mouth. CRANIAL NERVE, TRIGEMINAL NERVE: Maxilla
  3. If teeth are not infiltrated individually, what types of blocks can be used?
  4. What do each of these nerves supply?
  • correct answer 1) Posterior superior alveolar, greater palatine, and nasopalatine.
  1. Posterior Superior Alveolar- posterior portion of the maxilla. Greater Palatine- posterior palate. Nasopalatine- anterior palate.

Questions And Answers

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:

  1. What does this regulate? What is this regulation called?
  2. What has this system also been called?
  3. What are the two subdivisions of this system?
  • correct answer 1) It adjusts functions of the organs to keep the body in a constant state, such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, body temperature, water balance, etc. This is called homeostasis.
  1. Involuntary or automatic nervous system.
  2. Sympathetic and parasympathetic. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, Sympathetic Nervous System:
  3. What does this system do?
  4. What important thing does this system maintain? How does it do this?
  5. What chemical does this system use to cause action? What is this a close relative of?
  6. What are the effects of this system sometimes called?
  • correct answer 1) It prepared the body for intense physical activity in response to stress.
  1. The blood pressure. The sympathetic system in the medulla maintains vasoconstrictor tone, which controls blood vessel diameter.

Questions And Answers

  1. Glycopyrrolate or atropine.
  2. Receptors in the walls of the aorta, carotid artery, and ventricles of the heart response to changes in pressure and adjust the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to regulate these.
  3. Baroreceptors. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
  4. What do the anesthetic drugs utilized in OMS affect?
  5. What do barbiturates and propofol do, and what does this result in?
  6. What does ketamine do, and what does this affect?
  7. What can anticholinergic drugs do, and how does it do this? What are some anticholinergic drugs?
  • correct answer 1) They affect the vital centers in the medulla and the pons that are associated with the autonomic nervous center.
  1. They depress the vital centers, resulting in hypotension and respiratory depression.
  2. This stimulates the vital centers and causes an increase in blood press and pulse.
  3. They can reduce secretion of saliva, by counteracting parasympathetic stimulation. Atropine or glycopyrrolate. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:

Questions And Answers

  1. Why is epinephrine put into local anesthetics?
  2. How are autonomic drugs, such as epinephrine, useful in medical or anesthetic emergencies?
  3. How is epinephrine used?
  4. How is ephedrine used? How are adrenergic drugs, such as labetalol used?
  5. How are adrenergic drugs such as albuterol used?
  • correct answer 1) It causes vasoconstriction, which decreases 'wash-out' of the anesthetic from the area, and helps control bleeding.
  1. They can emulate or interfere with normal autonomic functions to help manage the emergency.
  2. It is used in cardiac arrest to reestablish electrical conductivity in the heart by stimulating the adrenergic receptors.
  3. It is used in the management of hypotension. Used in the management of hypertension.
  4. To treat asthma and severe allergic attacks. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
  5. How is atropine used in bradycardia?
  6. What are the roles of the cholinergic receptors in the heart, which normally receive acetylcholine?
  7. How does atropine affect this?

Questions And Answers

3)Where do they receive blood from?

  1. Which one receives oxygen-rich blood?
  • correct answer 1) 4.
  1. The right and left atria.
  2. The left atrium receives blood from the lung though the pulmonary vein. The right atrium receives blood from the body.
  3. The left atrium. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- LOWER CHAMBERS:
  4. What are the lower chambers? Where do they receive their blood from?
  5. What are the physical differences between these and the atria?
  6. Where does the right ventricle send blood to?
  7. Where does the left ventricle send blood to?
  8. Which ventricle has the bigger job, which causes it to have the thickest wall of the 4 chambers?
  • correct answer 1) The right and left ventricles. From the atria.
  1. Ventricle chambers are larger and have thicker walls.
  2. The right ventricle send blood to the lung to be oxygenated.
  3. The left ventricle send blood to the body or peripheral circulation.

Questions And Answers

  1. The left ventricle. VESSELS AND VALVES:
  2. Which side of the heart is filled with oxygenated blood?
  3. What 3 sources does the right atrium receive blood from?
  4. What additional source is the only one that returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart?
  5. What step is this in blood circulation?
  • correct answer 1) The left side.
  1. Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and from the heart via the Coronary Sinus.
  2. Pulmonary vein, which comes directly from the lungs.
  3. The first step. VESSELS AND VALVES:
  4. What is the second step in blood circulation?
  5. What valve does this pass through?
  6. How much pressure does this require?
  • correct answer 1) After the right atrium fills with blood, it contracts and forces blood into the right ventricle.
  1. Tricuspid valve.
  2. It is the lowest in the heart, has very little resistance.

Questions And Answers

  1. What are the final steps in blood circulation?
  • correct answer 1) It passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
  1. The left ventricle contracts,closing the mitral valve and forcing the blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta. This blood goes to the body.
  2. Right atrium receives oxygen depleted blood from the body.
  3. Right atrium contracts, blood flow through tricuspid valve into right ventricle.
  4. Right ventricle contracts, blood flows through pulmonary artery to the lungs.
  5. Blood is re-oxygenated at lungs, travels through pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
  6. Left atrium contracts, blood flows through mitral valve into the left ventricle.
  7. Left ventricle contracts, forces blood through aortic valve into aorta, then to the body.
  • correct answer What are the steps of circulation? CARDIAC ISSUES:
  1. What is back flow from a malfunctioning valve called when heard with a stethoscope?
  2. What 2 things can cause a heart murmur?

Questions And Answers

  1. How do we test for these things?
  • correct answer 1) Heart murmur.
  1. Valves can be damaged from a previous sickness, or from mitral valve prolapse, where the valve swings back slightly during closure.
  2. Echocardiogram. CARDIAC ISSUES:
  3. What are the numerous vessels that pierce the myocardium called? What do many heart problems result from?
  4. What is ischemia?
  5. What is angina pectoris? How is it relieved?
  6. What is a much more serious problem from poor coronary circulation?
  7. What does infarction mean?
  • correct answer 1) Coronary arteries and veins. From faulty or reduced coronary circulation.
  1. When reduced oxygen supply damages heart cells, but does not cause necrosis.
  2. Chest pain, this is what results from ischemia. Nitroglycerine relives this.
  3. Myocardial infarction, aka heart attack.
  4. The death of an area of tissue because of an interrupted blood supply.

Questions And Answers

  1. It is the hollow core of the artery.
  2. Vasoconstriction is when the diameter of the artery decreases. Vasodilatation is when is increase. HEART RHYTHM: 1)When does the diastolic and systolic pressures occur?
  3. What is the stroke volume? 3)What is the cardiac output?
  • correct answer 1) Diastolic occurs after the atria contract and send blood into the ventricles. When the ventricles relax this is the diastolic pressure. Systolic occurs when the ventricles contract and send blood to the lungs. The pressure in the arteries is the systolic pressure.
  1. The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each beat.
  2. The total amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute. HEART RHYTHM:
  3. What is the cardiac cycle?
  4. What is the normal amount of beats per minute?
  5. What is it called of the rate is too low, or high?
  • correct answer 1) One contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles, followed by a short pause.

Questions And Answers

  1. Lower than 60 is called bradycardia. Higher than 100 is called tachycardia. HEART CONDUCTION:
  2. What controls the automaticity of the heart?
  3. What is this node called because of this ability?
  4. What happens if this node is not functioning correctly? Does this work as well?
  • correct answer 1) The sinoatrial node.
  1. The 'pacemaker'.
  2. Other 'ectopic pacemakers' can take over. No, the lower in the heart they are located, the less beats per minute they produce. HEART CONDUCTION:
  3. What is the node located between the atria and ventricles called?
  4. What step is this node in creating a heart contraction?
  5. Where is the impulse sent after it reaches this point?
  6. What are the fibers that divide in this area called?
  • correct answer 1) Atrioventricular node.
  1. The second step, after the stimulation of the sinoatrial node.