Data Manipution-Programming and Computer Architecture-Lecture Slides, Slides of Computer Architecture and Organization

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Data StorageStoring Fractions

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Encoding the value 2 5

⁄^8

1-

Sign bit

Exponent

Mantissa

Truncation error:

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Data ManipulationComputer ArchitectureThe Von Neumann ArchitectureMachine Language

Computer Architecture^ ^ Circuitry in a computer that controls themanipulation of data is called CPU.^ ^ CPU has a main circuit board called themotherboard.^ ^ Central Processing Unit (CPU) orprocessor^ ◦^

Arithmetic/Logic unit ◦ Control unit ◦ Registers

Computer Architecture(Contd.)^ ^ Bus:^ ◦^

For^

the^

purpose

of^

transferring

bit^

patters, a

machine’s CPU and main memory are connectedby a collection of wires called bus. ◦ Through this bus, the CPU extracts(reads) datafrom main memory by supplying the address ofthe^

pertinent

memory

cell

along

with

an

electronic signal telling the memory circuitry toretrieve the data. ◦ Similarly CPU places(writes) data in the memory.

CPU and main memory connected via abus

Computer Architecture(Contd.)^ ^ Stored-Program Concept:^ ◦^

A program can be encoded as bit patternsand stored in main memory. From there, theCPU can then extract the instructions andexecute them. In turn, the program to beexecuted can be altered easily. ◦ The idea of storing a computer’s program inits main memory is called

stored-program

concept.

The Von Neumann Architecture^ ^ We have described all the components of VonNeumann architecture:^ ◦^

Arithmetic/Logic unit ◦ Control unit ◦ Registers ◦ Input/output  The stored program concept, in which theinstructions to be executed by the computer arerepresented as binary values and stored inmemory.  The sequential execution of instructions. oneinstruction at a time is fetched from memory tothe control unit, where it is decoded andexecuted.

Machine Language^ ^ Machine instruction:

An instruction (or

command) encoded as a bit patternrecognizable by the CPU  Machine language:

The set of all

instructions recognized by a machine

Machine Language Philosophies ^ Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)^ ◦^ Few, simple, efficient, and fast instructions^ ◦^ Examples: PowerPC from Apple/IBM/Motorola

and SPARK from Sun Microsystems

^ Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)^ ◦^ Many, convenient, and powerful instructions^ ◦^ More complex CPU can better cope with the everincreasing complexities of today’s software.^ ◦^ Example: Pentium from Intel. ^ With CISC, program can exploit a powerful richset of instructions, many of which would require amulti-instruction sequence in a RISC design.

Adding values stored in memory

2- 16 Data Transfer Arithmetic/logicControl

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Dividing values stored in memory

The architecture of the machine describedin Appendix C

An Illustrative MachineLanguage(Contd.)^ ^ The encoded version of the machineinstruction consists of two parts:^ ◦^

Op-code:

Specifies which operation to execute. ^ Bit pattern of op-code fields indicates which elementaryoperations such as SHIFT, JUMP, is requested by theinstructions. ◦ Operand:

Gives more detailed information about the operation^ ^ For example in the case of STORE operation, indicateswhich register contains the data to be stored and whichmemory cell is to receive the data. ◦ Interpretation of operand varies depending onop-code