Download Child Development Theories and Principles: Key Concepts and Applications and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
Specific body changes and increases in the child's size such as a child's height, weight, head circumference and BMI - CORRECT ANSWER - Growth
An increase in complexity, a change from relatively simple to more complicated and involves progression where child gains refined knowledge, behaviors and skills. - CORRECT ANSWER -Development
The following are _________ between children in growth:
- growth proceeds from head down
- control of head and neck first, then arms, then legs
- brain, heart and spinal cord are fully functional at birth
- arm and leg muscles first then fingers and toes - CORRECT ANSWER - Similarities between children in growth
The following are _____________:
- Developmental sequence is similar for all
- Development proceeds from general to specific
- Development is continuous
- Development proceeds at different rates
- All areas of development are interrelated - CORRECT ANSWER - basic principles of child growth and development
Principle ____: children develop in relatively the same ways, there is a typical sequence of development that occurs as the child grows, behaviors and skills emerge in the same order - CORRECT ANSWER - Principle 1
Principle _____: body changes in a sequence and gives new abilities; as brain develops, cognitive skills improve - CORRECT ANSWER -Principle 2
Principle _____: there is continuity from one phase of development to the next, children continue to add behaviors as they perfect others (ex: language; cooing --> words) - CORRECT ANSWER -Principle 3
Principle _____: sequence of development is the same but the rate is different, development is constant but not uniform - CORRECT ANSWER -Principle 4
Principle _____: the developmental domains influence development in other areas. - CORRECT ANSWER -Principle 5
Conflicts in emotional development
What are the first 4 stages of conflict and what age range do they correspond to? - CORRECT ANSWER -Trust v. Mistrust- Infant
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt- Toddler
Initiative v. Guilt- Preschool
Industry v. Inferiority- Grade School
What do Erik Eriksons' conflicts mean to child care professionals? - CORRECT ANSWER -Create relationships with children that are built on trust, allow children to exercise autonomy, promote creativity
Who came up with the following and what is it called?
- Sensorimotor 0-2: learning through sensory perception
and motor skills
- Preoperational 2-7: uses symbols, bound by what they
experience directly and not by what they think
- Concrete-Operational 7-11: rational thinking
- Formal Operations 11 +: final stages of cognitive
development, abstract thinking, think beyond present. - CORRECT ANSWER -Jean Piaget
Four Stages of Cognitive Development
What does Jean Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development mean to child care professionals? - CORRECT ANSWER -It helps caregivers to understand why children make thinking mistakes, help in planning developmentally appropriate practices,
Who came up with the following and what is it called?
Social and cultural interactions are the primary sources of learning and behavior, along with problem solving experiences through scaffolding to perform tasks in the zone of proximal learning. - CORRECT ANSWER - Lev Vygotsky
Theory of Cognitive Development
When the person interacting with the child assumes more responsibility for guiding learning, as child learns more responsibility is given to them.
- CORRECT ANSWER -Scaffolding
The zone where learning occurs, when a child is learning material with adult guidance or with peer collaboration. - CORRECT ANSWER -Zone of Proximal Learning
Who came up with the following and what is it called?
- generating a question for understanding
developmental milestones. (ex: window for language closes at 5 and is gone by 11). - CORRECT ANSWER -Developmental Windows
___________ can influence brain growth which would in turn, influence cognitive development; it also influences temperament. Brain growth and temperament influence personality and can have positive or negative effects. - CORRECT ANSWER -Heredity
What 3 health and wellness factors influence child development and how? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Nutrition: proper nutrition allows for favorable
development, healthy body leads to happiness
- Physical Activity: allows for a better opportunity
to grow, less like;y to get sick or injured.
- Daily Routines: establishing a healthy lifestyle
ensures positive behaviors and proper development
What impact do positive social interactions have on child development? - CORRECT ANSWER -positive interactions establish a foundation for acceptance, belonging and self-esteem, and children learn appropriate bahviors.
What are developmental obstacles for children - CORRECT ANSWER -There are external and internal obstacles;
external: non-english or illiterate parents.
internal: poor prenatal care. poor nutrition, fetal alcohol syndrome, developmental disabilities.
What are 2 developmental disabilities important for caregivers to recognize? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Down Syndrome
What is ADA? - CORRECT ANSWER -Americans With Disabilities Act
Federal law that requires child care programs to comply with accessibility guidelines to support children with developmental and physical disabilites.
What is IDEA? - CORRECT ANSWER -Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
It ensures children with disabilities 3-21 receive appropriate public education and that early intervention services are provided.
Why are routines important? - CORRECT ANSWER -Routines = physical and metal health, help with observations and measurements, provide sense of security for children
--> independence --> better self-esteem
What are 3 ways child care programs be inclusive and support children with disabilities? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Allow ample space for movement
- Reduce number of transitions
- Provide safe environment
What are 2 ways child care programs provide support for gifted children? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Provide more challenging activities
refers to typical growth patterns; changes in weight, height, vision and hearing. Also refers to physical milestones like muscle control; ability to grasp, roll over, sit up, writing etc - CORRECT ANSWER -The Physical Developmental Domain
Refers to eagerness to learn; curiosity, persistence, creative problem solving and ability to create and complete long term projects. - CORRECT ANSWER - Approaches to Learning Domain
Refers to ability to communicate with others, involves ability to see, hear, speak, read, write and construct understanding of things around them. - CORRECT ANSWER -Language and communication developmental domain
Refers to intellectual or mental abilities; exploration, discovery, concept and memory formation, problem solving and creative expression. Knowledge of math,scientific thinking, awareness of social studies and the arts. - CORRECT ANSWER -Cognitive and development and general knowledge domain
Focuses on self-esteem, how children feel about themselves and their relationships with others; refers to individual behaviors, responses, attachments and prosocial behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWER -Social and emotional developmental domain
These are behaviors that are the most positive attributes; helping, sharing, sympathizing, cooperating and comforting. - CORRECT ANSWER -Prosocial behavior
How can caregivers encourage prosocial behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER - Modeling, reinforcement, teaching, set rules, promoting self-discipline
What are the 3 elements of developmentally appropriate practices? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Age- activities should fit age range
- Individually appropriate- observe background
and talents, determine if child is developing typically
- Socially and culturally appropriate- content
should be based on what is familiar to children and giving them opportunities to share different cultural standards.
What are the 3 elements needed to create developmentally appropriate program? - CORRECT ANSWER -1. active learning: learn by doing
- meaningful experiences: memorable when
relatable
- nurturing relationships: positive relationships
with peers and adults
