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Download Biology Terminology: Inheritance, Taxonomy, and Earth's History and more Quizzes Theory of Evolution in PDF only on Docsity!
inheritance of acquired characteristics
something that happens during life is passed on
TERM 2
binomen
DEFINITION 2
combination of genus and species name
TERM 3
priority
DEFINITION 3
the one that's published first counts as the name
TERM 4
type
specimens
DEFINITION 4
specimens kept in a museum
TERM 5
teleology
DEFINITION 5
the belief that natural events and objects have purposes and
can be explained by their purposes
Quinarian systems
proposed that all taxa are divisible into 5 subgroups and
were drawn in circles with edges touching
TERM 7
branch out
irregularly
DEFINITION 7
a tree-like structurewas described by Hugh Edwin Strickland
TERM 8
Classification
DEFINITION 8
arrangement of living things into an ordered system
TERM 9
Systematics
DEFINITION 9
the science of producing classifications passed on inferred
patters on relationship
TERM 10
Taxonomy
DEFINITION 10
science of describing, naming and raking groups of
organisms
multistate
when a character state has more than 2 alternatives
TERM 17
transformation
DEFINITION 17
the existence of multiple character states implies
trasformation form one state to another
TERM 18
character polarity
DEFINITION 18
the directionality of a character state transformation from a
more general condition to a derived condition
TERM 19
symplesiomorphy
DEFINITION 19
shared primitive or "ancestral" character state present in two
or more taxa that do nor form a monophyletic group
TERM 20
synapomorphy
DEFINITION 20
shared derived character state, present in two or more taxa
and implying that they form a monophyletic group
homology
similarity of features due to common descent but a more
general view is that homology is similarity that suggests a
common cause and thus demands an explanation
TERM 22
character congruence
DEFINITION 22
when two or more characters support the same group
TERM 23
taxon
DEFINITION 23
a natural group of organisms
TERM 24
exemplar
DEFINITION 24
the individual specimens that represent a taxon in a
systematic study
TERM 25
monophyletic group
DEFINITION 25
a clade
parsimony
generally, the proposition that a simpler explanation for a
given phenomenon is better than a more complicated one
TERM 32
ontogeny
DEFINITION 32
differentiation of form and shape during somatic growth and
reproductive maturation
TERM 33
von Baer's Law
DEFINITION 33
features common to a more inclusive taxon often appear
earlier in development than the specific characters of less
inclusive taxa
TERM 34
Biogenetic law
DEFINITION 34
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny means that all
evolutionary change is by terminal additonof new
developmental stages in more derived taxa. Usually is not
true.recapitulation
TERM 35
allometry
DEFINITION 35
differential rate of growth of different parts of an organism
during development
heterochrony
differential timing of somatic tissue development and onset
of reproduction with respect to absolute time
TERM 37
paedomorphosis
DEFINITION 37
somatic tissue develops more slowly than reproductive
capacity; adults look like immature stages
TERM 38
peramorphosis
DEFINITION 38
somatic tissue develops more rapidly than reproductive
capacity; adults more derived
TERM 39
serial homology
DEFINITION 39
repetition of homologous parts in the body plan of a single
organism; duplication of body parts and then modification
TERM 40
individualization
DEFINITION 40
specialization of serially homologous parts for different
functions
reversals
when an animal returns to the ancestral state
TERM 47
convergent evolution
DEFINITION 47
have same trait from different lineages
TERM 48
mosaic evolution
DEFINITION 48
evolution of characters at various rates both within and
between species
TERM 49
Catastrophism
DEFINITION 49
theory that earth formed by cataclysmic geological events
such as the flood
TERM 50
neptunism
DEFINITION 50
rocks laid down under water
Vulcanism
rocks produced by volcanoes
TERM 52
Plutonism
DEFINITION 52
sort of Vulcanism on a much longer time scale
TERM 53
Uniformitarianism
DEFINITION 53
permanence of natural laws, rates of geological change
(uniform and slow), no directionality change
TERM 54
plate tectonics
DEFINITION 54
scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of
Earth's lithosphere and accounts for a variety of geological
phenomena
TERM 55
igneous
DEFINITION 55
formed from molten rock (magma); ex: granite, basalt,
obsidian
principle of original horizontality
sedimentary layers are laid down flat
TERM 62
principle of superposition
DEFINITION 62
new layers are deposited on top of older ones
TERM 63
principle of lateral continuity
DEFINITION 63
within a given region (sedimentary basin), layers occur in the
same order and are of similar thickness
TERM 64
index fossils
DEFINITION 64
fossils used to define and identify geologic periods; should
have obvious features, good abundance, widespread
distribution, narrow stratigraphic range
TERM 65
relative dating
DEFINITION 65
science determining the relative order of past events
radiometric dating
comparison of isotope ratios
TERM 67
fossil
DEFINITION 67
The remains of once-living organisms that have been buried
in sediments and preserved in a mineralized matrix
TERM 68
taphonomy
DEFINITION 68
process that happen between the time of death of the
organism and the time of discovery of a fossil
TERM 69
erosion
DEFINITION 69
gradual breakdown of a material
TERM 70
distortion
DEFINITION 70
state of being twisted out of a natural or normal shape or
postion
cambrian explosion
542 -488 MyaAlmost all modern phyla of skeletonized
animals first appear
TERM 77
rocks of the Nashville basin are from what
period
DEFINITION 77
Ordovician period 488-444 Mya
TERM 78
the end of the permian is marked by
DEFINITION 78
the greatest mass extinction52% of all families and >90% of
species
TERM 79
Mesozoic era
DEFINITION 79
251-65 Mya 4% of age of earth
TERM 80
Cenozoic
Era
DEFINITION 80
65mya - present 1.4% of age of earth
Anura
frogs and toads
TERM 82
Urodela
DEFINITION 82
salamanders and newts
TERM 83
pelycosaurs
DEFINITION 83
a better predator, first land vertebrate to kill organisms their
own size, most diverse in the permian
TERM 84
therapsids
DEFINITION 84
(stem groups of mammal lineage) sped up metabolism,
extremely high food consumption. Endotherms?
TERM 85
archosaurs
DEFINITION 85
group of diapsid amniotes whose living representatives
consist of modern birds and crocodilians. This group also
includes all extinct non-avian dinosaurs, many extinct
crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs
pleistocene epoch
1.8mya - present
TERM 92
endemism
DEFINITION 92
the ecological state of being unique to one place
TERM 93
Wallaces Line
DEFINITION 93
biogeographical boundary between Asia and Austrailia,
separates island fauna Islands west of Wallaces line were
connected to mainland SE Asia during periods of lower sea
level in the Pleistocene
TERM 94
dispersal
DEFINITION 94
move by walking, swimming etc
TERM 95
Beringia
DEFINITION 95
land bridge ~ 30,000ya allowed elephants and people to
come to North America, but horses did most of their
evolution in North America and then went to Asia
oceanic islands
dont sit on continental shelves, majority are volcanic in
origin. Ex. Krakatau, Galapagos, Hawaiian islands
TERM 97
vicariance
DEFINITION 97
passive movement or division or populations by changes in
landscape
TERM 98
ratite birds
DEFINITION 98
dispersal without flight
TERM 99
Gondwanaland
DEFINITION 99
as the southernmost of two supercontinents (the other being
Laurasia) that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent
TERM 100
Pangea
DEFINITION 100
the super continent before the land shifted apart
