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DELTA Module 1 Paper 1 definitions
Adjacency pair - correct answer A term for the utterances made by two different speakers. The first of which requires an immediate and, to a greater or lesser extent, standard response from another. Adverb Particle - correct answer A word used especially after a verb to show position, direction of movement, etc. In 'come back', 'break down' and 'fall off', 'back', 'down' and 'off' are all adverbial particles. Anaphoric - correct answer "Back" referencing in discourse e.g. "where's my towel, I hung it on the line" where the pronoun "it" refers back to "my towel" Assimilation - correct answer When a sound is modified by a neighbouring sound e.g. when the final /n/ of green is followed by a /p/ Backchannelling - correct answer Used by a listener to give feedback and reassure the speaker that they are listening and following the story. Bottom Up Processing - correct answer The use of prior knowledge, expectations and knowledge of lexis and grammatical structures to understand spoken or written text Cataphoric - correct answer "Forward" referencing in discourse e.g. "That's what I like, a nice, dry day"" where the pronoun "that" refers forward to "a nice dry day" Cohesion - correct answer The use of grammatical and lexical means to achieve connected text, either spoken or written. These include reference words e.g. this, the, it; linkers e.g. however, and topic related lexis
Collocation - correct answer The way in which words are used together regularly or "words that frequently occur together". Can be adjective
- noun (e.g. stale bread), noun + noun (e.g. death threat) etc Compound words - correct answer Items that consist of more than one root but have a single concept or identity e.g. wastepaper bin Critical Age Hypothesis - correct answer The theory that there is a period (e.g. age 2 until puberty) during which language can be acquired rapidly and perfectly; after this it is no longer possible to achieve the same level Derived Words - correct answer Words with bound morphemes attached at the beginning or end e.g. deformed (de-form-ed) Direct Test - correct answer A test employing tasks which replicate real-life activities, e.g. role-playing a job interview, writing a letter of complaint Ellipsis - correct answer The omission of certain words or phrases where they are unnecessary (e.g. because they have already been mentioned or referred to) Elision - correct answer The omission of a sound because another similar sound follows e.g. baked beans is pronounced /beɪkbɪnz/ Fluency - correct answer The ability to produce and maintain speech in real time, without undue pauses and including long runs Form - correct answer The way a word is written or pronounced Functions - correct answer The jobs that language does (e.g. requesting, offering etc). See The Communicative Approach.
Meronym - correct answer a term that denotes part of something but which is used to refer to the whole of it e.g., faces when used to mean people in I see several familiar faces present. Metaphor - correct answer A figure of speech where one thing is stated in terms of another Minimal pair - correct answer Two words which differ from each other in pronunciation by only one phoneme e.g. met, mat; pin, bin. Morphemes - correct answer The smallest meaningful unit in a language. E.g. meaningful has three: mean, ing and full. They can't be broken down further and can be used as building blocks for other words Multi-word units (or lexical phrases) - correct answer Recurring fixed forms that consist of more than one word. The meaning cannot be worked out by cutting it up and the form is fixed to varying degrees. Phrasal verb - correct answer A construction which is a combination of a verb and one or two particles. The particle can be an adverb or preposition or both e.g. cut off Notions - correct answer Divide language into specific entities e.g. sport, house, home, health etc. or more general entities e.g. presence/absence, being, distance etc. See The Communicative Approach. Object - correct answer The person or thing that is affected by the action of a transitive verb in a sentence or clause e.g. You heard me Parallelism - correct answer A form of cohesion which relates to the repetition of certain words, phrases and structures. It is used to create a link between clauses or sentences and this often reinforces a message.
Paralinguistics - correct answer Refers to gesture and body language but this can be a much broader term and include non-linguistic utterances like sighing and tutting. Phatic language - correct answer The process of verbal and non-verbal communication used to establish social relationships For example, both waving and saying "What's up?" Often referred to as "small talk". Polysemes - correct answer Words with the same and a related meaning e.g. "foot" at the bottom of you leg and "foot" of a mountain Product Writing Approach - correct answer An approach to developing learners' writing skills that is informed by the belief that creating a written text is purely a matter of imitating elements that are provided in a model. Proclaiming tone - correct answer An intonation pattern that either rises and then falls or just falls. It shows teh speaker is giving new information Prepositions - correct answer A class of words which show a relationship between two parts of a sentence Process writing - correct answer An approach to developing students' writing skills that emphasises the organic nature of writing as a sequence of brainstorming, planning, drafting and reviewing activities Progress test - correct answer A test given during a course in order to monitor learning of areas taught Referring tone - correct answer An intonation pattern which indicates that something that is said is part of the shared knowledge between the speaker and the listener Reciprocity - correct answer The extent to which the receiver of a message can interact with the sender and influence the direction of discourse.
Modal auxiliary verb - correct answer They indicate the likelihood of something happening or the attitudes of the speaker or writer towards the state expressed by another verb Locutionary meaning - correct answer The term used to describe the literal meaning of a word or phrase e.g. "It's raining" is a statement of fact Style - correct answer Refers to the type of language used because of a particular genre or level of formality Register - correct answer A speech variety which a particular group of people have in common e.g. the same profession, hobby or interests Tonic syllable - correct answer The stressed syllable in an utterance where the main pitch movement takes place Reduced relative clause - correct answer A clause which leaves out the pronoun and the verb e.g. "There were three people injured" Prepositional phrase - correct answer Groups of words that begin with a preposition and contain a noun phrase e.g. in the corner Phonology - correct answer The study of how speech sounds are produced and used and distinguished in a specific language Phonetics - correct answer The study of speech sounds and sound production in general Phoneme - correct answer The smallest element of a sound in a language which is recognised by a native speaker as making a difference in meaning
Stress - correct answer The greater emphasis of some syllables of words over others during speech Vowel - correct answer A vocal sound made without the audible stopping of breath Rhythm - correct answer The regular repetition of stress in time Sound system - correct answer The different phonemes that make up a language's phonology Intonation - correct answer The rise and fall of the voice when speaking Transitive verb - correct answer A verb that has an object e.g. She loves him Intransitive verb - correct answer A verb which has a subject but no object e.g To sleep Deixis - correct answer The way which language points to spatial, temporal and personal features of the context e.g we interpret "come here now" as meaning "come to where I am at this present moment" Normative test - correct answer A test which compares test takers to each other rather than against a pass mark or benchmark Auxiliary verb - correct answer Verbs which are used to support another verb in a sentence and have a grammatical function such as showing tense, aspect, person, voice and mood e.g. Be, do, have, will, may, can Fillers - correct answer Language used by speakers to avoid frequent, long or silent pauses, to hold the floor, gain thinking time etc
Predictive validity - correct answer Concern with the degree to which a test can predict a candidates' future performance Reliability - correct answer A test where if the same students, with the same amount of knowledge, taking the same test at a different time would get more or less the same results Practicality - correct answer How easy it is to administer the test (materials, time etc) Backwash/washback - correct answer The effects (positive and negative) that a test has on the teaching programme of studying for an exam (e.g. lesson time may focus on exam skills rather than communication skills) Spin off - correct answer The effects a test may have on the learner, teaching and classroom activities following a test e.g. the activities may follow up a common error from the test Norm-referenced test - correct answer A test which assesses the students against each other to determine the top percentage Criterion-referenced test - correct answer A test to classify people according to whether or not they are able to perform some task or set of tasks satisfactorily e.g. FCE Modality - correct answer The lexical or grammatical way used by speakers to express their attitude to what they´re saying Intrinsic modality - correct answer Speakers attitude to the necessity or desirability of something happening e.g. I wish it was sunny Extrinsic modality - correct answer Speakers assessment of the likelihood of the situation e.g. Maybe it will rain
Integrative test - correct answer A test which integrates various compenents of the skill being tested rather than just one element Cognitive processing - correct answer Internal, mental processes used by learners to work out rules and test hypotheses by themselves Lexical verb - correct answer A content word with a dictionary meaning rather than serving a grammatical function. Verbs are either XXXX verbs or auxiliary verbs. e.g. I came, I walk etc are lexical verbs De-lexicalised verb - correct answer A class of words between lexical verbs and auxiliary verbs which form the verb element in a large number of multi-word expressions with no or little dictionary meaning e.g take in "take your time" Liaison - correct answer Where a sound is introduced at word boundaries. It could be either catenation or intrusion. Intrusive - correct answer What happens at word boundaries between a vowel sound at the end of one word and one at the beginning of the next
- then a semi-vowel (/w/, /j/ or /r/) can appear e.g the /r/ sound inserted between law and order /lɔːrənɔːdə/ Juncture - correct answer The pausing (or lack of pausing) at the boundary between two sounds which accounts for the difference between ice cream and I scream Catenation - correct answer When one word ends with a consonant and the next one begins with a vowel, you get consonant/vowel linking where it's hard to tell where the word boundaries are (as in 'It's not' and 'snot') Stative verb - correct answer Verbs that refer to states or inactive emotional, cognitive or perceptual processes e.g. I am curious, I want to live
