Developmental Stages of Human, Lecture notes of Community Journalism

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Developmental Stages in

Middle and Late

Adolescence

HUMAN DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

Human development focuses on

human growth and changes

across the lifespan, including

physical, cognitive, social,

intellectual, perceptual,

personality and emotional

growth.

The study of human development

is essential to understanding

how humans learn, mature, and

adapt.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

Erik Erikson

STAGE

S

BASIC

CONFLICT

CRISIS

IMPORTA

N T

EVENTS

VIRTUES DESCRIPTION OUTCOME

Stage 1

INFANCY

(birth to

months)

Trust

Vs.

Mistrust

Feeding Hope

At this stage babies

learn to trust that

their parents will

meet their needs.

If a child’s basic

needs aren’t

properly met at

this age, he/she

might grow up with

a general mistrust

of the world.

Children

develop a sense

of trust when

caregivers

provide

reliability, care,

and affection. A

lack of this will

lead to mistrust.

STAGE

S

BASIC

CONFLICT /

CRISIS

IMPORTANT

EVENTS

VIRTUES DESCRIPTION OUTCOME

Stage 2 EARLY CHILDHOOD (18 months to 3 years) Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt Toilet Trainin g Will As toddlers, children begin to develop independence and start to learn that they can do some things on their own (such as going to the toilet). If a child is not encouraged properly at this age, he or she might develop shame and doubt about their abilities. Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feeling of autonomy, while failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

STAGE

S

BASIC

CONFLICT /

CRISIS

IMPORTANT

EVENTS

VIRTUES DESCRIPTION OUTCOME

Stage 4 SCHOOL AGE (6 to 11 years) Industry Vs. Inferiorit y School Competence Throughout their school years, children continue to develop self- confidence through learning new things. If they are not encouraged and praised properly at this age, they may develop inferiority complex. Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feeling of inferiority.

STAGES

BASIC

CONFLICT

CRISIS

IMPORTAN

T EVENTS

VIRTUES DESCRIPTION OUTCOME

Stage 5 ADOLESCENCE (12 to 18 years) Identity Vs. Role Confusion Social Relationships Fidelity When they reach the teenage years, children stat to care about how they look to others. They start forming their own identity by experimenting with who they are. If a teenager is unable to properly develop an identity at this age, his or her role confusion will probably continue on the adulthood. Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to n ability to stay true to yourself, wile failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.

STAGE

S

BASIC

CONFLICT /

CRISIS

IMPORTAN

T EVENTS

VIRTUES DESCRIPTION OUTCOME

Stage 7 MIDDLE ADULTHOO D (40 to 65 years) Generativity Vs. Stagnation Work and Parenthoo d Care This is the longest period of a human’s life. It is the stage in which people are usually working and contributing to society in some way and perhaps raising their children. If a person does not find proper ways to be productive during this period, they will probably develop feelings of stagnation. Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishments, while failure results in shallow environment in the world.

STAGES

BASIC

CONFLICT /

CRISIS

IMPORTAN

T EVENTS

VIRTUES DESCRIPTION OUTCOME

Stage 8 MATURITY (65 to death) Ego Integrity Vs. Despair Reflection on Life Wisdom As senior citizens, people tend to look back on their lives and think about what they have no accomplished. If a person has led a productive life, they will develop a feeling of integrity if not, they might fall into despair. Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this age leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.

MIDDLE

CHILDHOOD

• Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games
• Building a wholesome attitude toward oneself
• Learning to get along with age mates
• Learning an appropriate sex role
• Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating
• Developing concepts necessary for everyday living
• Developing conscience, morality and a scale of values
• Achieving personal independence

ADOLESCENCE (13 – 18)

• Achieving mature relations with both sexes
• Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
• Accepting one’s physique
• Achieving emotional independence of adults
• Preparing for marriage and family life
• Preparing for an economic career

MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

• Helping teenage children to become happy and responsible adults
  • Achieving adult social and civic responsibility
  • Satisfactory career achievement
  • Developing adult leisure time activities
  • Relating to one’s spouse as a person
• Accepting the physiological changes of middle age
  • Adjusting to aging parent

LATE MATURITY

• Adjusting to decreasing

strength and health

• Adjusting to retirement and

reduced income

• Adjusting to death of spouse
• Establishing relations with one’s own age

group

• Meeting social and civic obligations
• Establishing satisfactory living quarters