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First Generation: 1942- Vacuum Tubes or Valves Ø used vacuum tubes as electronic circuit Ø magnetic drum for primary storage Ø mercury delay lined for memory Ø punch-card used as secondary storage Ø machine level programming used Ø operating speed was used in terms of millisecond Mark-I, UNIVAC, ENIAC etc. Second Generation: 1955- Transistor Ø magnet core memory used as internal storage Ø magnet tapes used as secondary storage Ø little bit faster I/O devices Ø high level language used as programming Ø processing speed measured in microsecond IMB 1401, ICL 2950/ etc. Third Generation: 1964-
IC(Integrated circuits) Ø semi conductor memory used as primary storage Ø magnetic discs were used as secondary storage Ø massive use of high level language Ø processing speed increased to nanosecond and even faster IBM 360 series, UNIVAC 9000 etc. Fourth Generation: 1975- VLSI or Microprocessor Ø massive use of magnetic and optical storage devices with capacity more than 100 GB Ø advancement in software and high level language Ø use of 4th generation language(4GL) Ø operation speed increased beyond picoseconds and MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second) IBM PC, Pentium PC, Apple/Macintosh etc. Fifth Generation: 1990+ Bio-Chips Ø AI will make computer Intelligent and knowledge based Ø very high speed, PROLOG (programming language)
The first generation computers were developed during 1943-1958. It used vacuum tubes as the active electronic components and was therefore very large. However some of the features are as follows- a) They were extremely large and occupied a very large space. b) They used vacuum tubes as memory device. c) They were very expensive and consumed a lot of electrical power. d) The operating speed was measured in milliseconds. e) These computers had low level of accuracy and reliability. f) Storage capacity was too small only 1 to 4Kb. g) They used machine level programming language. The examples are- UNIVAC, ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC, and UNIVAC. The second generation computers were developed during 1959-1965. The invention of the transistor by three scientists of Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1947 greatly changed the development of computers. However some of the features are as follows- a) These computers used transistor. b) They were smaller, faster and cheaper than first generation of computer. c) They consumed less electrical power than first generation. d) The operating speed was measured in microseconds.
e) They were more reliable and accurate than the first generation computers. f) They could understand high level language such as COBOL. g) Magnetic tapes were used as secondary storage media. The examples are – IBM 1620, IBM 1401, and CDC 3600. The third generation computers were developed during 1966-1973. The development of Integrated Circuit (IC) signaled the beginning of the third generation computers. However some of the features are as follows- a) These computers used integrated circuits. b) They were small, efficient and reliable. c) Operating systems were developed. d) Monitors and keyboards were introduced for input and output of data. e) Magnetic disks were used for secondary storage. f) The operating speed was measured in nano seconds. g) They could understand large number of high level languages. The examples are –. IBM 360, ICL -1900, and IBM 370 etc
c) The goal of fifth generation computers is to develop machines that will be able to think and take decisions. d) It can perform large number of parallel processing. e) Biochips and Gallium Arsenide (GaAS) will be used as memory devices. f) Large uses of natural language processing and user friendly. Able to make decisions like human beings.
