Introduction to Digital Image Processing: Concepts, Steps, and System Components, Lecture notes of Digital Image Processing

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Digital Image Processing

Contents

• (^) Image Processing Fields
• (^) Computerized Processes Types
• (^) Digital Image Definition
• (^) Digital Image Representation
• (^) Fundamental steps in Digital Image Processing
• (^) Components of an Image Processing System

Image Processing Fields

Input / Output Image Description Image Image Processing Computer Vision Description Computer Graphics AI Sometimes, Image Processing is defined as “a discipline in which both the input and output of a process are images” But, according to this classification, trivial tasks of computing the average intensity of an image would not be considered an image processing operation

Computerized Processes Types

• (^) Low-Level Processes:
  • (^) Input and output are images
  • (^) Tasks: Primitive operations, such as, image

processing to reduce noise, contrast

enhancement and image sharpening

Computerized Processes Types

• (^) High-Level Processes:
  • (^) Image analysis and computer vision

Computerized Processes Types

Digital Image Representation

Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing Image Acquisition Image Restoration Morphological Processing Segmentation Object Recognition Image Enhancement Representation & Description Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression Wavelets & Multiresolution processing Knowledge Base Outputs of these processes generally are images Outputs of these processes generally are image attributes

Step 3: Image Restoration

• Improving the appearance of an image
• Tend to be mathematical or probabilistic models. Enhancement, on the other hand, is based on human subjective preferences regarding what constitutes a “good” enhancement result. Step 4: Colour Image Processing Use the colour of the image to extract features of interest in an image Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

Step 5: Wavelets Are the foundation of representing images in various degrees of resolution. It is used for image data compression. Step 6: Compression Techniques for reducing the storage required to save an image or the bandwidth required to transmit it. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

Step 9: Representation and Description

• (^) Representation: Make a decision whether the data should be represented as a boundary or as a complete region. It almost always follows the output of a segmentation stage. - (^) Boundary Representation: Focus on external shape characteristics, such as corners and inflections - (^) Region Representation: Focus on internal properties, such as texture or skeleton shape Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

Step 9: Representation and Description

• (^) Choosing a representation is only part of the solution for transforming raw data into a form suitable for subsequent computer processing (mainly recognition)
• Description: also called, feature selection , deals with extracting attributes that result in some information of interest. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

Components of an Image Processing System Network Image displaysImage displays ComputerComputer Mass storageMass storage HardcopyHardcopy Specialized image processing hardware Specialized image processing hardware Image processing software Image processing software Image sensorsImage sensors Problem Domain Typical general- purpose DIP system

1. Image Sensors Two elements are required to acquire digital images. The first is the physical device that is sensitive to the energy radiated by the object we wish to image ( Sensor ). The second, called a digitizer , is a device for converting the output of the physical sensing device into digital form. Components of an Image Processing System