Coronal Palatal Non-coronal (Sonorant Consonants)
Obstruents Obstruents Obstruents Laryngeals Affricates Nasals & Liquids Glides Vowels
[+cons, -son, +cor] [+cor + dors] [+cons, -son, -cor] [-cons,-son] [+cons,-son -/+cont] [+cons,+son] [-cons, +son] [-cons, +son]
J
t' th t t d s z c p b f v k x q h t d ts dz kx pf m n l r j w
cons + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++++++++++++++- --cons +++++ + + + + ++++++++- ---
son - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------------- son ----- - + + + ++++++++++++
Class
features
syll - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - syll - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----
labial - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + ++++---------- -- - lab ----- + + - - - - - - - - - - + +++
round 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - ----0000000000000 rnd 00000
- - 0 0 0000000
-++-
coronal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - ----------------- cor ++++- - - + - +--+-++-- ---
ant + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - 0 0 00000000000000000 ant --++0 0 0 + 0-00+0+ + 00000
dist - - +- - - - - - - - + + + + + + 0 0 00000000000000 000 dist ++ - -0 0 0 - 0-00 -0- - 00000
dorsal - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - - ----++++++++ -- --- dor ++ - -+ - - - + +++ -+- -+++++
high 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 0 0000++++ - ---00000high ++ 0 0 + 0 0 0 +-+-0+0 0 -++++
low 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - 0 0 0000--------00000 low --0 0 - 0 0 0 ----0-0 0 -----
back 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - 0 0 0000++++++++00 000back --0 0 + 0 0 0 +--+
0-0 0 +-+-+
tense 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - 0 0 0000--------00000tense --0 0 - 0 0 0 - - - - 0-0 0 - - - - -
pharyngeal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------++ - - - phar - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Place features
ATR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000000000- - 0 00ATR 00000 0 0 0 0 000000000000
voice - - - - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + -+-+-+-+-+-+---+- voi -+-+- - + + + ++++++++++++
SG - +
- - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ++- SG ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
Laryngeal
features
CG + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --+ CG ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
cont - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + + - - ++++- -++ - -++++++-cont
±
±
±
±
±
± - - - ---+++++++++
strident - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - ++ - ----------- ---strid ++++- + - - - ------------
lateral - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - ------- - - - - - - - --- lat -- --- - - - - ---++- -- ----
del rel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------- - - - - - - - ---d rel +++++ + - - - ------------
Manner
features
nasal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----------------
nasal ----- - + + + +++---------
i u e o a æ y ø œ
---------------- cons
++++++++++++++++ son
++++++++++++++++ syll
++++++++++++++++ lab
--++--++ - -+++-++ rnd
---------------- cor
0000000000000000 ant
0000000000000000 dist
++++++++++++++++ dor
++++- - ----++---+ high
--------++-- ---- low
--++--++ - -----++ back
+-+-+-+- -++ -+- -+ tense
++++++++++++++++ phar
+-+-+-+- - -+-+- -- ATR
++++++++++++++++ voi
---------------- SG
---------------- CG
++++++++++++++++ cont
---------------- strid
---------------- lat
---------------- d rel
---------------- nasal
Front Central Back
i y ˆ ¨ μ u
I Y U
e O P F o
´
E ø Œ ç
Q å
a Ø A Å
Place and
Manner of
Articulation
Labial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Retroflex
Postalveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Glottal
Plosive p b t d
c
k q
Nasal m n
N
Trill B r
Tap/Flap
Fricative f v s z
x h
Lateral
Fricative
Z
Approximant
j
Lateral
Approximant l
L
labial + + - - - - - - - - -
coronal - - + + + + + - - - -
dorsal - - - - - + + + + - -
pharyngeal - - - - - - - - - + -
Variants More Sounds
s = bilabial click
c = t | dental click
y =
j ! (post) alveolar click
r =
palato-alveolar click
j =
alveolar lateral click
c =
ts alveolar lateral flap
l =
simultaneous and x
z = voiced labio-palatal approximate
j = d voiceless epiglottal fricative
u
=
y
voiced epiglottal fricative
o =
œ
[-voi] alveolo-palatal fricative
a =
voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
Feature Geometry
(prosodic)
Skeleton: C,V
Root Tier: [consonantal]
[sonorant]
Root-linked
Tiers: [cont]
[lat]
[nas]
Laryngeal LAR
Tier:
[voi] [SG] [CG]
Place Tier:
PLACE
[labial] [coronal] [dorsal] [phar]
[round] [ant] [dist] [hi] [low] [bk] [ATR]
SONORITY SCALE (varies somewhat across languages)
1 vowels 2 glides 3 liquids 4 nasals 5 fricatives 6 stops &
affricates
+syllabic − syllabic
− consonantal + consonantal
+approximant − approximant
+ sonorant − sonorant
+ continuant [ -cont] [± cont] − continuant
NOTES • though nasals are specified [-cont] due to obstruction of the oral cavity, nasal airflow makes them more sonorous than stops
• the vowel [a] is central (not front, as in some charts) because it can participate in a 3-way color cont rast: [æ] vs. [a] vs. []
• this feature syst em is 3-valued with 0 = unspecified (assumed to be obligatory for place features whose mother’s value is ‘-’)
DIACRITICS SUPRASEGMENTALS
voiceless n d breathy voice b a primary stress
voiced s t creaky voiced b a secondary stress
aspirated t d linguolabial t d long half long
more rounded labialized t d extra short
less rounded palatalized t d minor (foot) group
advanced u velarized t d major (intonation) group
retracted e pharyngealized t d. syllable break
dental t d nasalized e TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
apical t d nasal release d e extra high rising
laminal t d lateral release d e high falling
centralized e no audible release e mid hi rising
md-centralized e velar or pharyngeal l e low low rising
syllabic n ATR e RTR ee extra low rise fall
non-syllabic e lowered e ↓ downstep global rise
rhoticity raised e ↑ upstep global fall
Phonological Features Chart
Low
[–high +low]
Mid
[–high –low]
High
[+ high –low]
[+front –back] [–front –back] [–front +back]
[-rnd] [+rnd] [-rnd] [+rnd] [-rnd] [+rnd]
[+tense]
[–tense]
[+tense]
[–tense]
[+tense]
[–tense]
Jason Riggle – University of Chicago
version 11.02, February 2011
comments/corrections: [email protected]
palate
nasal
velum
pharynx
uvula
alveolar
esophagus
teeth
ridge
pharyngeal
lips
epiglottis
wall
larynx
Adam’s apple
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oral
pharynx
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pharynx
oral cavity
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larynx
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lung lung
pharynx
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Vocal Tract
(v11.02)
diacritic
examples
