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Chapter # 1
I IDDEEOOLLOOGGYY OOFF PPAAKKIISSTTAANN
Q1. Write down the aims & objectives of the creation of Pakistan?
Ans. Pakistan came into being on 14th^ August 1947. The Muslims of India had scarifies there wealth honour & life to make a Pakistan reality. Struggle for attainment of Pakistan started very after the war of independence 1857.
Aims & Objectives of the Creation of Pakistan
After the war of Independence the Muslims were greatly pressed by the Hindus as well as the British. Social, political and economical conditions of the Muslims were totally changed. That is why they demanded for a separate state of their own. Following were the Aims & Objectives that led to the creation of Pakistan.
1. Setting up of a Free Islamic Society: The main objective of the creation of Pakistan was to establish a free Islamic Society having its own identity and government, practicing its own social principles and religion and inviting the Muslims of the world, particularly and others generally to adopt the Islamic way of life. 2. Protection from Communal Riots: The communal Riots on every other day made it clear that the Hindus could monopolies the politics after the departure of The British. The lives of Muslims could never be safe in the united India. The Hindu organizations had again and again asserted that Hindu Raj would be imposed on India after the independence. So to get rid of these atrocities the Muslims demanded their separate state. 3. Social & Political Development of Muslims: After the war of Independence 1857, the social environment was totally changed. The Muslims were scared of the caste system and other discriminations. They could enjoy neither political nor social liberties; therefore, they preferred to have a separate homeland in which they could live according to the teachings of Islam. 4. Protection of Muslim Language The Hindus did the best to replace Urdu by Hindi. But they did not succeed during British period. If South Asia had got freedom without partition, the Hindu majority could very easily declare Hindi, the official and national language. The Hindu government could wipe out all signs of Muslim culture; therefore, the Muslims had no choice except putting a demand for Pakistan. 5. Protection of Two Nation Theory: The Muslims claimed separate nationhood for themselves and they were determined to maintain a separate entity for all times to come. The Muslims believe in separate religion, practice different traditions, and have their own history and their cultural heritage. Their claim was absolutely true. It was their right to keep their separate entity alive and to enjoy all human rights. This was not possible in undivided India. 6. Establishment of Islamic State:
Islam is a complete code of life. The Muslims wanted to implement the system practically. This could not be attained in United India therefore, they passed a resolution and demanded an Islamic state in the North East and North West of South Asia.
7. Setting up of True Islamic Society: Islam upholds the golden principles of freedom, justice, brotherhood and equality but living for centuries with the Hindu community, the Muslims were gradually ignoring, consciously or unconsciously, these principles. Islam gives guidance for individual as well as collective life. It has its own principles such as ban on usuary, gambling, to refrain from all unlawful means of income and expenditure. Again extravagance is regarded devilish. The rights of the neighbours are stressed which results in social security to all. God-fearing and belief in the Hereafter are the basis for the social life of the Muslims. 8. Dream of Muslims to get freedom: Due to the ill treatment of Hindus and British the Muslims also wanted to get freedom and established their own Govt. in the sub continent because the freedom is right of every nation and the country. For this reason they demanded Pakistan. 9. Narrow Mindedness of Hindus: The Hindu community’s narrow mindedness could be gauged from the fact that they do not feel ashamed of idol worship during the 20th^ century even. The women are considered slaves. They do not recognize the right of second marriage for the widow. They consider themselves much superior to the people of their own race. The Hindus declare a thing polluted if it has been touched by a Muslim. There was a concept of caste systems in the Hindus itself. There was only one way of Muslim’s deliverance from such a narrow- minded and prejudiced community, and that was a separate state comprising the provinces of Muslim majority, and as such they demanded a separate homeland. 10. To get rid of the British: After the war of independence (1857), the British maltreated the Muslims. Political rights of the Muslims were snatched. Doors of new jobs were closed and also the Muslims were deprived of their jobs and were deprived of their property (estates). There was no social status for the Muslims. So they demanded separate homeland. 11. Attainment of Peaceful Atmosphere: After the formation of Mahasabha and its entrance into politics, prejudiced movements like Shuddhi and Sangthan were born. Riots occurred here and there. They extinguished the fire of revenge by dishonouring the mosques or attacking Moharram processions. The daily increase in riots had given a warning to the Muslims. It is rightly remarked that the last 25 years were spent in Hindu-Muslim civil war. Its cure was no other than the creation of Pakistan in the Muslim majority provinces so that the daily occurrences of riots may come to an end. The Muslims may enjoy the peaceful conditions in a separate state of their own.
Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned about their future.
The Ideology of Pakistan
The Ideology of Pakistan was the consciousness of the Muslims in the historical perspective of the south Asian sub-continent that they were a separate nation on the basis of the Islamic ideology. No doubt Islamic ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan so the basic fundaments of Islam are also the bases of the Ideology of Pakistan.
Ideology of Pakistan & Different Scholars
Ideology of Pakistan is defined by the different sociologist as: -
1. Syed Ali Abbas
Syed Ali Abbas former professor of history defined ideology of Pakistan as. “Ideology of Pakistan and Ideology of Islam have same meaning. Actually ideology of Pakistan is the practical shape of the teachings of Islam.”
2. Dr. Aslam Syed
Dr. Aslam Syed defined the ideology of Pakistan as. “Ideology of Pakistan is the name of molding of individual and collective lives according to Islam and also of saving from conflicting ideologies.”
3. Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui
A well known scholar Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui defined ideology of Pakistan as. “Ideology of Pakistan is the name of implementation of Islamic principles on persons. On groups & on government and Islam should be stronger than the strongest forces here”
QUAID-E-Azam AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Quaid-e-Azam was the liberator of the Muslim nation in Sub-Continent. He struggled for the separate state on the bases of Islamic Ideology. He himself explained this basic ideology. -
1. Foundation of Muslim Nation
Once Quaid-e-Azam said, “Pakistan came into being the very day when the first Hindu became a Muslim.”
2. Pakistan and the Holy Quran:
In the annual meeting of 1943 at Karachi Quaid-e-Azam said while clarifying the relation of Pakistan and Islam: “What is that relation which has made Muslim a single body? What is that rock on which the structure of Muslim Nation is restored? What is that base which has secured the safety of the boat of this Muslim Nation? That relation, rock and base is the Holy Quran.”
3. Islam is a complete code of life:
While addressing the students, in March, 1944 he said,
“Our guide is Islam and this, is the complete code of our life. We neither need any red or yellow flag nor do we need any Socialism. Communism, Nationalism or any other ism”
4. Elimination of differences:
On 21 March, 1948 while addressing the people in Dhaka and said, “I want not to see you to talk as a Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and Bengali. What is the fun of saying that we are Punjabi, Sindhi or Pathan? We are only Muslims.”
5. Need of division of India:
While addressing at Aligarh he clarified the ideology of Pakistan in these words: “What was the motive of the demand for Pakistan and a separate electorate for Muslims? What was the cause of the division of India? Its cause is neither the narrow mindedness of Hindus nor the tactics of The British but is the basic demand of Islam?”
6. National Identity of The Muslims:
In the light of the history of the subcontinent Quaid-e-Azam argued that Muslims have never been a minority. They are a perfect nation and have the right to establish an independent state in those areas where they are in majority.
7. Pakistan, A practical laboratory for Islamic system:
While addressing the students of lslamia College, Peshawar on 13 January 1948 Quaid-e-Azam said, “We did not demand Pakistan just to own a piece of land but we infact wanted to have a Laboratory for experimenting the true teachings of Islam.”
8. Protection of Muslim culture:
Addressing the army officers, in October, 1947, Mr. Jinnah said, “Our object was to create such a state where we can live freely, our culture and civilization get flourished, and where Islamic concept of social justice can flourish exactly.”
9. Criticism of the Western Economic system:
On the eve of inaugurating the State Bank of Pakistan on 1 July 1948, the Quaid said, “The Economic system of west is creating unsolvable problems for humanity. It has failed to provide justice to the people. We are to present an economic system based on original Islamic concept equality and social justice.”
10. A Staunch supporter of the Two Nation Theory:
He was a great supporter of two-nation theory and he considered the Muslims a separate nation from every aspect. He said: “The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their separate homeland. They can adopt any mean to promote and protect their spiritual, moral, economic, social, political and cultural interests”.
11. Origin of Pakistan
During the Congress rule from 1937 to 1939, the treatment to the Muslims convinced them of their destination. Quaid-e-Azam in clear words said: “The Britain wants to rule India, Mr. Gandhi and the Congress want to rule India and the Muslims. We say that we will not let either the Britain or Mr. Gandhi to rule Muslims, we want to be free”
18. Strong Belief of Muslims
Quaid-e-Azam had a strong belief in achieving his goal. He said: “We cannot be moved or diverted from our purpose and objective by threats or intimidations. We must be prepared to face all difficulties and consequences, make al the sacrifices that may be required of us to achieve the goal we have set in front of us”
19. Pakistan & United Nations
With the will of Allah, the Muslims were able to establish Pakistan. ON that occasion, on 15th^ August, 1947 he said: “Muslims of India have shown to the world that they are a united nation, their cause is just and righteous which cannot be denied. Let us, on this day, humbly thank God for His bounty and pray that we might be able to prove that we are worthy of it. This day marks the end of a painful phase in our national history and it should also be the beginning of a new and a noble era”.
20. National Solidarity
Quaid-e-Azam wanted to establish such a Pakistan which is strong & united from every respect. Once he said after the creation of Pakistan. “The people who think that they will demolish Pakistan they are foolish & not in their senses. There is no any power in the world who demolishes Pakistan. The roots of Pakistan are very deep & strong” In the light of above mentioned facts we can easily conclude that the Quaid-e- Azam was truly aware of the basic demands of an Islamic state and he struggled for it. According to his ideas Islam was the only base of The Ideology of Pakistan.
Q3. Explain the Ideology of Pakistan in the light of sayings of
Allama Iqbal?
Ans. The social or political Programme of any movement that becomes a collective objective of any nation is called Ideology. OR Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned about their future.
The Ideology of Pakistan
The Ideology of Pakistan was the consciousness of the Muslims in the historical perspective of the south Asian sub-continent that they were a separate nation on the basis of the Islamic ideology. No doubt Islamic ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan so the basic fundamentals of Islam are also the bases of the Ideology of Pakistan.
Ideology of Pakistan & Different Scholars
Ideology of Pakistan is defined by the different scholars as: -
1. Syed Ali Abbas
Syed Ali Abbas former professor of history defined ideology of Pakistan as. “Ideology of Pakistan and Ideology of Islam have same meaning. Actually ideology of Pakistan is the practical shape of teachings of Islam.”
2. Dr. Aslam Syed
Dr. Aslam Syed defined the ideology of Pakistan as. “Ideology of Pakistan is the name of molding of individual and collective lives according to Islam and also of saving form conflicting ideologies.”
3. Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui
A well known scholar Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui defined ideology of Pakistan as. “Ideology of Pakistan is the name of implementation of Islamic principles on persons. On groups & on government and Islam should be stronger than the strongest forces here”
Allama Iqbal & Ideology of Pakistan
Allama Iqbal was the person who for the first time gave the concept of a separate state for the Muslims keeping in view the Two Nation Theory. He clearly explained the Ideology of Pakistan in his sayings and poetry. Aflame Iqbal and Ideology of Pakistan:
1. Separate Recognition of Muslims:
Allama lqbal made it clear that the Muslims have the separate recognition from the Hindus on the base of religion and culture. In this regard he said “India is not a country, it is a Sub-continent of human beings belonging to different languages and practicing different religions. Muslim nation has its own religious and cultural identity.”
2. Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts:
Allama lqbal was strongly against the western concept of Democracy. Despite flourishing all over the world, this system cannot provide solution of the problem of Islamic world. Iqbal was of the view that all social and political problems can be solved with the help of Islamic system. He said, (Western democracy is devoid of depth, it has merely an attractive out look.)
3. Concept of separate Muslim State:
Dr. Muhammad Allama lqbal was great supporter and preacher of separate Muslim state. He gave this idea of separate state for the Muslims in 1930 while addressing the annual meeting of All India Muslim league in Allah Abad, “I want to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan in the form of one homogenous state. Whether India gets independences under the crown of England or out of it, I think independent state of western provinces is the destiny of the people living there.”
4. Commendation of Idea of Single Nation:
On the publication of his poem, “Khazr-e-Rah” people started to call Allama Iqbal as communist. He rejected this balance firstly in his essay and then in a letter to All-e-Ahmed Sarwur in 1937. He said: “To me capitalism, communism and other isms of this world have no importance. Islam is the only reality which is the reason of salvation. To have a contract with any other ism is just like to be out of Islam.”
12. Opposition of Nationalism
He described the reason of opposition of nationalism in the words: “I am opposed to nationalism, not because if it is allowed to develop in India. It is likely to bring less material gain to Muslims. I am opposed to it because I see in it the germs of atheistic materialism which I look upon as the greatest danger to modern humanity”
13. Separate Existence of Muslims
The fact is that even the enemies acknowledge that it was Iqbal who made the idea of a distinct Muslim Nationhood crystal clear in the minds of the masses. A bigoted Hindu leader Madan Mohan Malwiya once remarked. “Before Iqbal, we had not the slightest idea that the Muslims possessed a separate existence in India. We regarded them to be a part of a common nationalism”
14. Foundation of Pakistan
Allama Iqbal not only put forward the proposal of Pakistan’s creation by uniting the Muslim majority provinces of north-western India, he also explicitly pointed out the foundations on which this state was to be established and was to function. He said: “To address this session of All India Muslim League you have selected a man who is not despaired of Islam as a living force for freeing the outlook of man from its geographical limitations, who believes that religion is a power of utmost importance in the life of individual as well as states.”
15. Unity of Muslim World
Allama Iqbal was a great supporter of Muslims Unity. He gave the message to the Nation of unity, equality, fraternity & tolerance. He also declared that there is no any concept of discrimination on the base of colour, cast and creed in Islam. The message of unity of the Muslim World can be seen in his poetry as.
16. Geographical Limitations of Mankind
According to Allama Iqbal, Islam is a practical way to eliminate the artificial distinctions of race and nation and to transcend beyond the geographical
limitations of mankind. He wanted to established Muslim nationality on ideological lines:
Allama lqbal categorically stated that the Hindus and the Muslims can’t live together in one state, and that the Muslims would succeed in making their own separate state sooner or later. He advocated the separate nationhood of Muslims. Declaring Islam a complete code of life Allama lqbal in the annual Session of All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, demanded a Muslim state in the North West of the sub-continent.
Q4. Describe the importance of the Ideology of Pakistan.
Ans. Pakistan is the only state that came into being on the bases of strong ideology. Since its establishment it has been demanded to accomplish its basic aim. Following are the bases of its ideology.
Ideology:
The social or political Programme of any movement that becomes a collective objective of any nation is called Ideology. OR
Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned about their future.
The Ideology of Pakistan
The Ideology of Pakistan was the consciousness of the Muslims in the historical perspective of the south Asian sub-continent that they were a separate nation on the basis of the Islamic ideology. No doubt Islamic ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan so the basic fundamentals of Islam are also the bases of the Ideology of Pakistan.
IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Importance of Ideology of Pakistan is as under:-
1. Right of Self Determination
In the decent civilizations of the world, right of self determination has got the place of basic human right. The Muslim of sub-continent work hard for the attainment of right of self determination, on the base of this right the Muslim demanded separate electorate in 1906 and this right was awarded to the Muslim in 1909’s Minto Morley reforms.
2. Protection of the Muslims of Sub-Continent
Ideology of Pakistan saved the Muslim of the Sub-Continent. Because of the ideology of Pakistan, the Muslims of India who had become a minority due to the western democracy became a great nation.
3. Cause of Independence of Muslims
Ideology of Pakistan is the cause of independence of Muslims. Because of the ideology of Pakistan the Muslims of India got freedom and they got social betterment. In addition to that other nations like Sikhs, Hindus and Christians had other benefits out of that.
4. Ending of Hindu-Muslim Tension
7. Unity of Islamic World
Ideology of Pakistan is laid down on the Islam. There is no any discrimination on the base of colour cast, creed, state or a country in Islam and Pakistan is obtained on the base of Ideology of Pakistan. So the unity of the Islamic world is the key factor of the foreign policy of Pakistan and Pakistan tried his best to create the harmony and unity of the Muslim World.
8. Source of Power
Islam gave the concept of two nation theory in sub-continent and secured the separate recognition of the Muslims in sub-continent. Two nation theory protected the Muslims in the hour of need especially in British rule, that’s why ideology of Pakistan is the source of power in the sub-continent on which base the Muslims struggle hard for the attainment of Pakistan. Finally they succeed to achieve Pakistan.
9. Formation of Exemplary Society
The Muslims wanted to establish the exemplary society in the sub-continent but this dream couldn’t be fulfill in the united India. Muslims of India had a brilliant chance to build and exemplary society in Pakistan after the creation of Pakistan. According to the constitution of Pakistan, government is responsible for the security of basic human rights. This thing is necessary for an exemplary society.
10. Freedom from Hindu-British Society
After the death of Aurangzeb Allamgir the decline of the Muslim of the Sub- Continent was started. In 1857 The British took-over the whole sub-continent and Muslim became their ruled. In the 18th^ and 19th^ century The British increased their efforts to spread Christianity and Hindus started to spread Hinduism. Under these conditions the ideology of Pakistan saved them from such spreading.
11. Protection of Muslim Civilization & Culture
Right from the reign of Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar, Hindus through their “Bhagti Movement”, had been trying to deprive the Muslims of India from their identity as a separate nation. After the war of Independence in 1857 Hindus & The Britishs tried their best to demolish the Muslim Civilization and Culture and the Muslims wanted to protect with their culture. The protection of Muslim Culture and Civilization is only possible the ideology of Pakistan.
12. Symbol of Beneficence of the Society
The progress of the Muslims of the sub-continent was hidden in the aim of getting Pakistan which was lightened by the creation of Pakistan. Besides, ideology of Pakistan is ideology of Islam so it is in a way a source of beneficence on the Day of Judgment.
13. Reason of Human Dignity
The basic aim of creation of Pakistan was the formation of such state where Muslims can live their individual and collective lives according to the principles of Islam. In addition to that there they can make such a society where
courageous and morally high people dominate. This heightens the human dignity. Creation of Pakistan up to a high extent fulfilled this aim.
14. Source of Economic Development of the Muslims
Ideology of Pakistan is source of economic development of the Muslims, because after the creation of Pakistan, Muslims got the freedom from The British, and Hindu landlords. The Muslims have full control on trade, services & agriculture. Exploitation of Muslims of the sub-continent came to an end. And they became strong economically.
15. Industrial and Mineral Development
After the creation of Pakistan, Muslims used their capabilities in finding and using the minerals blessed by God and made progress in the field of industry and minerals.
16. Establishment of Welfare State
On the basis of ideology of Pakistan separate state for the Muslims was to be established. In which they introduced democratic values, social system based on Islam, justice & economic prosperity of the people which would led to the Pakistan towards the welfare state.
17. Success for the Muslims
Ideology of Pakistan is the source of success for the Muslims in the world. Due to the separate state, the Muslims became prosperous and they adopted Islamic ways of life. They obey the Islamic principles and follow Islam and start to spend of their lives according to Islam and introduced Islamic ethical system which led to the success of the Muslims both in this word and the life after the death.
Q5. Write a comprehensive note on Two Nation Theory?
Ans. The social or political Programme of any movement that becomes a collective objective of any nation is called Ideology. OR Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned about their future.
TWO NATION THEORY
In the historical perspective of the sub-continent Two Nation Theory means that despite living together in the same country, the Hindus and the Muslims are two separate nations. Though the Muslims and the Hindus both have been living together for centuries, yet they could not merge with each other.
BEGINNING OF TWO NATION THEORY
The history of two nation theory is as old as the history of man. According to the holy Quran, the concept of one nation was produced before Adam. Quran says:
“We Said: Go down, all of you from here; but verily there cometh unto you from Me a guidance; and who so follow My guidance, there shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve. But
day will come when both the nations will separate from each other after division.”
4 Allama Iqbal and Two Nation Theory:
Allama Iqbal awakened the Muslims of sub-continent with his poetry to demand a separate homeland. He led the Muslims at every step and rendered great services for the establishment of Pakistan. Allama Iqbal considered Islam as a complete code of life. He said that he was fully convinced that the Muslims of India would ultimately have a separate homeland, as they could not live with the Hindus in united India.
The evolution of the Two Nation Theory got momentum slowly. Allama Iqbal clearly stressed the need of a separate state by including the province of NWFP, in his address at Allahabad in 1930. But the British and the Hindus did not agree to it.
5 Quaid-e-Azam and Two Nation Theory:
The Quaid-e-Azam was a big supporter of two-nation theory. He said,
“The foundation of Two Nation Theory was laid on the day when the first non-Muslim of sub-continent became Muslim”.
This two-nation theory was originated with the arrival of the Muslims in the sub-continent. He said:
“India is neither a country nor its inhabitants are a nation. This is a sub-continent where many nations live; among these the Hindu and the Muslim are two important nations”.
6 John Bright and Two Nation Theory:
On 24th June, 1858 John Bright gave the concept of a separate state for the Muslims of the sub-continent.
7 Syed Jamal Ud Din Afghani and Two Nation Theory:
In 1879 Maulana Jamal-ud-Din Afghani gave the concept of Two Nations in the sub-continent.
8 Molana Abdul Haleem Sharar and Two Nation Theory:
In 1890 Maulana Abdul Haleem gave the concept of the Two Nation Theory.
9 Walait Ali Bambook and Two Nation Theory:
In 1913 Walait Ali Bambook presented the Two Nation Theory.
10 Molana Ashraf Ali Thanvi and Two Nation Theory:
In 1928, on the basis of separate identity, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi talked about separate state of the Muslims.
11 Murtaza Makesh and Two Nation Theory:
In 1928, on the basis of separate identity, Murtaza Makesh talked about separate state of the Muslims.
12 Chaudhry Rehmat Ali and Two Nation Theory:
Chaudhry Rehmat Ali in 1933 suggested the name of Pakistan on the base of Two Nation Theory, while he was a student of the Cambridge University of England.
Importance of Two Nation Theory:
The entire freedom movement revolves around Two Nation Theory which became the basis of demand for Pakistan. It means that the Muslim of the sub-continent were a separate nation with their distinct culture, civilization, literature, history, religion and social values. Islam, the religion of the Muslims was based on the concept of Tauheed and therefore could not be merged in any other system of religion.
