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Dog Training: Principles, Techniques, and Concepts, Exams of Veterinary

A comprehensive overview of dog training principles and techniques, covering both classical and operant conditioning. It delves into key concepts such as reinforcement, shaping, and habituation, offering practical insights for effective dog training. The document also explores the biological and psychological aspects of canine behavior, including temperament, instinctive drift, and the role of the limbic system in learning.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/05/2025

tizian-kylan
tizian-kylan 🇺🇸

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CPDT-KA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

RATED A+

Operant Conditioning - Skinner ✔✔learned by association - works with VOLUNTARY behaviors - applying reinforcement or punishment AFTER the behavior

Creator of this method considered a "reinforcer" something that made a behavior occur more frequently. If there was no change in the behavior, it wasn't a reinforcement.

Formula:

Discriminative Stimulus (your command)-Response-Consequence

Classical Conditioning - Pavlov ✔✔Learned association between 2 events: 1 event is neutral and 1 event elicits an unconditioned response. Works with INVOLUNTARY/automatic behaviors (like drooling) and placing a neutral sign (like ringing a bell) BEFORE it.

Learning ✔✔a change in behavior that lasts for a long time

Performance ✔✔the doing of a behavior, doesn't mean that something was learned

Discriminative Stimulus ✔✔Your command

Temporary Criteria ✔✔the beginning steps of an exercise towards performing a command that is new to the dog

Reward Based Training ✔✔uses positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative punishment (removing something the dog likes - i.e. your attention)

Primary Reinforcer ✔✔food, water, anything dog needs for survival. Food activates parasympathetic nervous system, can calm dog, make him less fearful, & result in training process being enjoyable

Secondary Reinforcer aka Conditioned Reinforcer ✔✔Clicker, saying "yes",... marks a behavior as rewardable and promises reward in near future. Rewards such as tennis balls, petting, clapping, tug- dog is conditioned to like them. ALL OF THESE ARE LEARNED THROUGH CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.

Tertiary Reinforcer ✔✔cues the dog knows and enjoys doing. the doing is the reinforcer

One of the most important points about reinforcement ✔✔Do not feed or reinforce unwanted behaviors during training

Shaping ✔✔rewards dog for successive approximations of the behavior

Luring ✔✔lead the dog into the behavior by tempting with a treat

Prompting ✔✔Much like luring only the animal can't see the treat

Chaining ✔✔method of teaching a complex sequence of behaviors. each behavior signals the other behavior that eventually signals a reward. Doing this from the last step to the first step is usually the most efficient way - with the last behavior trained first, followed by a reward. Then teach the behavior that will preceed that one, etc, etc.

Free Shaping ✔✔No instruction, cues or input is given, except for the clicker.

Stimulus Control ✔✔how a dog responds to cue

Under stimulus control ✔✔when dog does not:

  1. refuse to give behavior when cued to do so

2.give the behavior if not cued to do so

3.give the behavior for a different cue

  1. give a different behavior on the cue

Superstitious Behavior ✔✔some irrelevant behavior that the dog performs along with the desired one thinking that it's required to earn the reward. Usually the result of an accidental reinforcement

VSR ✔✔Variable Schedules of Reinforcement - for fluency

Differential Reinforcement ✔✔A type of VSR where we look for the best examples of the behavior to reward & ignore other offers

Limited Hold ✔✔(VSR) Reward is available only for a certain length of time. It rewards the SPEED of response.

Operant conditioning ✔✔Majority of dog training is this type

Habituation ✔✔A decrease in the strength of a naturally elicited behavior that occurs through repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.

The reason for varying rewards ✔✔Because dogs can habituate to rewards resulting in slower, less vigorous responses

Sensitization ✔✔reaction to a stimulus becomes even stronger when the stimulus is being shown repeatedly

CER Conditioned Emotional Response ✔✔i.e. dog rides in car, hears backfire, now associates ride in car with loud scary noises and doesn't want to ride in cars. Very resistant to extinction

Adaptation ✔✔Involves the physical process of training. Sometimes confused with habituation but has nothing to do with learning. It's the tiring of sensory neurons to perceive the stimulus.

Learned Irrelevance ✔✔Pre-exposure effect. learns to ignore things that have or had no meaning to him or stops responding to a specific stimulus (cue, trigger) because it doesn't have a particular significance that is relevant to the dog.

In more simple words, it's the dynamic that causes your dog to pose deaf ears to your continuous command to "sit", "no bite", or "come".

Another example: Dog is crated dog in a group dog class and hears owners cuing their dogs to "come". But this dog is crated and the owner not present or is leading the class. He's basically learned to ignore a "come" command. Owner will probably need to use a new word, like "here" instead.

Learned Helplessnes ✔✔Dog gives up, shuts down because he's learned he has no control over the current adverse situation

Single Event Learning ✔✔learning that occurs when something happens suddenly, that is not related to anything else. A stimulus causes a response. (usually due to noises, movements)

Compulsive Training ✔✔uses some degree of negative reinforcement and positive punishment, prong collars, leash jerks, choke chains, praise as reward

4 Stages of Learning ✔✔Acquisition, Fluency, Generalization, Maintenance

Law of Parsimony ✔✔Occam's Razor. unless there is evidence to the contrary, one with the fewest assumptions should be selected. The simplest, obvious answer is usually the best. aka Law of Simplicity, Law of Economy.

Reinforcer ✔✔recipient considers it good

Reward ✔✔giver considers it good and hopes recipient will too

Conditioning ✔✔learning

Emitted behavior ✔✔dog Voluntarily offers the behavior on his own

Elicited behaviors ✔✔prompted by luring or molding (assisted by person to perform)

Criteria ✔✔the specific, trainer defined response that is wanted

Premack Principle ✔✔a high probability behavior, something the dog loves to do, can be used to reward a low probability behavior

(to get "B" the dog must do "A") i.e. dog must "sit" before you'll open the door to let him out.

Overshadowing ✔✔when the preferred stimulus (or cue) is not noticed by the animal because there's a more noticeable (to the dog) stimulus around

i.e. the hand motion may be more salient (noticeable) to the dog than the verbal cue when both are being used at the same time

Permanent Criteria ✔✔the finished product, final goal, fluency

Extinction ✔✔occurs when a behavior decreases in frequency or stops happening because of a lack of reinforcement.

Extinction Burst ✔✔increased frequency of a behavior just before extinction. (behavior gets worse, then gets better)

Spontaneous Recovery ✔✔sudden recurrence of a learned response during extinction

The Humane Hierarchy's steps to manage or modify behavior ✔✔1. Health, Nutrition, and Physical Factors.

  1. Antecedents
  2. Positive Reinforcement, Classical Conditioning
  3. Live with or Manage the Behavior
  4. Positive Punishment - E collars are last resort

Wolf ✔✔Canis Lupis

Dog ✔✔Canis Familiaris

Tame ✔✔accustomed to human presence/ decreasing flight distance and increasing tolerance to humans over one individual lifespan

Domestication ✔✔undergone extensive behavioral & biological changes resulting from selective breeding over course of many generations

Phylogeny ✔✔evolutionary history of an organism

Phylogenetic Behaviors in dog ✔✔Behaviors common to dog as a species in general that have developed over generations (i.e. innate fear of fire and loud noises). This type of behavior can be modified.

2 Example of innate (automatic) Phylogenetic behaviors ✔✔1. Fear of fire

  1. Nursing in puppies

Ontogenetic Behavior ✔✔develops over lifetime of individual dog. i.e. quickly learns to run to human for piece of food when name is called

3 motivations for canine behavior ✔✔1. Food acquisition

  1. Hazard avoidance/safety/comfort
  2. Reproductive behavior

Temperament ✔✔Nature (phylogenetic) & Nurture (environment) plus the experiences that occur during the critical periods

Innate behavior ✔✔automatic behavior - i.e. nursing. Dog doesn't have to learn it.

What percentage of chromosomes do dogs inherit from each parent ✔✔Dogs inherit half their chromosomes from father and half from the mother

Instinctive Drift (Breland Effect) ✔✔Instincts, drives, and fixed action patterns might come back in spite of training

Instinct/Drive ✔✔motivation toward self-preservation, reproduction, food acquisition, or defense

Critical Period where dog has greatest capacity to learn particular skills and responses ✔✔3 - 16 weeks of age

Engrams ✔✔specific neural pathways in the brain that store messages regarding movement/familiar motor actions so they become fluid

RAS - Reticular Activating System ✔✔Attention center of brain where activities in world outside are perceived, processed and acted upon. Also "tunes out" what isn't important - learned irrelevance.

Jacobson's Organ ✔✔Vomeronasal - scenting organ located in roof of mouth

At what age are dogs capable of breeding? ✔✔as early as 6 months

How many times a year does female go into heat and for how long? ✔✔Two times per year for 2 days to 20 days

Limbic System and how training affects it. ✔✔Involved with emotions such as fear. When this is active, cerebral cortex is inhibited. We over ride it by giving dog rewards for obeying.

Cerebral Cortex ✔✔cognitive functions such as learning & problem solving occur in this part of the brain.

Opposition Reflex ✔✔Thigmotaxis - if you pull one way, the dog's natural reflex is to pull the opposite way

Social Hierarchy ✔✔Is flexible, affected by variables such as context and physical state of the dog and those around him. Social relationships are established over time by numerous interactions.

Dilated Pupils / eyes appear very black ✔✔Eyes appear this way when dog is fearful or defensive

Dog's lips retract vertically - only the front teeth are showing. (C shape mouth) ✔✔The dog's mouth in an Offensive threat

Dog's lips retract horizontally - you can usually see all the teeth, even the back ones. ✔✔Dog's mouth when showing teeth defensively

Baseline Posture ✔✔Normal body posture for a dog. Tail down, head up, mouth relaxed, body not stiff.

Ambivalence ✔✔In conflict, unsure, may be confused. Dog's body language may show offensive and defensive positions.

Displacement Behaviors ✔✔Shows that the dog is unsure of himself and trying to hold it together.

List of several displacement behaviors ✔✔yawning, lip licking, scratching - out of context behaviors.

Language of Dogs ✔✔sight, sound, smell

Critical Zone ✔✔Dog's personal space dependent on environment and stress levels

Calming Signals ✔✔yawning, turning away, blinking, averting eyes, etc. produce pacifying effect on animal exhibiting them and possibly the animal they're signaling to.

Greeting behavior ✔✔mutual curving nose to tail, somewhat relaxed body and wagging tail. If dog is unsure, body will be stiff and high, wagging slowly

Agonistic ✔✔combative

Options dogs use to resolve social or competitive disputes ✔✔Avoidance, Appeasement, Submission

The main trigger of threats and aggression ✔✔Fear

a reaction to a situation, not a personality trait ✔✔Dominance

Best neutralizer when you see a dog with conflicted emotions or threatening aggression ✔✔Space. A secondary one is keeping the dog focused on a rewarding task.

Social Faciliation ✔✔Pack mentality. i.e. One dog becomes aggressive and others around him follow suit toward a particular dog. One dog gets a drink of water and many others do. etc.

Predatory Drift ✔✔dogs getting along fine and suddenly something causes heightened arousal, triggers limbic response, making one dog regard the other as prey

Predatory Behavior ✔✔Directed toward objects moving away - intent is to obtain food - has nothing to do with malice

Level 1 Bite ✔✔Air snap - no contact

Level 2 Bite ✔✔Skin not punctured, may be red mark or slight bruise

Level 3 Bite ✔✔1 to 4 holes from single bite, puncture no deeper than 1/2 length of canine tooth

Level 4 Bite ✔✔1to 4 holes from a single bite, deeper than 1/2 length of teeth, severe bruising, could be slashes in both directions

Level 5 Bite ✔✔Multiple level 4 bites

Level 6 Bite ✔✔Victim dies

What level bites should be referred to dog bite specialist? ✔✔Levels 3, 4, and 5

Percentage of bites that are level 1 through 3 ✔✔99% - when referring to dog bites

Includes both Reward Based Training and Compulsive Training methods ✔✔Operant Conditioning includes what types of training?

CER - Conditioned Emotional Response ✔✔dog rides in car, hears loud backfire and it scares him. Now he's afraid to ride in cars thinking he'll hear that scary noise. What kind of response is this?

Thorndike Theory ✔✔What is reinforced will occur more often and what is punished will occur less often.

Punishment ✔✔seems to increase the variability of the behavior.

ABC's of Learning ✔✔Antecedent - stimulus present in environment BEFORE the behavior

Behavior - anything the dog does responding to that stimulus

Consequence - anything that happens to the dog as a result of that behavior

Antecedent ✔✔Any stimulus present BEFORE the behavior occurs

consequences ✔✔This is what influences/drives the dog's behavior

(R+) ✔✔Positive Reinforcement - a reward is added

(P-) ✔✔Negative Punishment - a reward is subtracted

(P+) ✔✔an aversive is added

(R-) ✔✔an aversive is subtracted

Aversive ✔✔Punishment, something unpleasant

Example of R- ✔✔Dog on slip/choke collar - pressure is released when dog is not pulling

Example of P+ ✔✔A punishment is added - dog barks inappropriately and owner whacks him with a newspaper

Definition of P+ and R- ✔✔A punishment is added

A punishment or aversive is subtracted

Definition of P- and R+ ✔✔Something desirable is subtracted

A reward is added

Example of P- ✔✔Dog jumping on person. The person turns their back on the dog or leaves the room

Example of R+ ✔✔dog performs a sit and is given a treat immediately after performing the behavior. This is

3 to 16 weeks of age ✔✔brain is biologically ready to make long term change in response to social input at this age

when to begin vaccination program ✔✔6-8 weeks of age

when to start group class with pup ✔✔1 to 2 weeks after receiving their first dose of vaccine for distemper, parvo, and adenovirus

when is distemper, hepatitis, & parvo (DHP) vaccines given? ✔✔start at 6 to 8 weeks of age & give every 3 to 4 wks until 12 to 14 wks old then boostered at 1 year and repeated every 3 yrs

CDS - Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome ✔✔Occurs in older pets. Disorientation, social interactions, disruptions in sleep/wake cycles, house soiling, may startle more easily due to loss of vision and hearing

When is rabies vaccine given? ✔✔in the 1st year at 12 weeks of age or older, then boostered at 1 yr. then every 1 to 3 yrs afterward.

Cushings Disease ✔✔body produces too much cortisone, usually occurs in middle age to older dogs. Can contribute to irritability and increased reactivity.

Hypoglycemia ✔✔quick drop in blood sugar that can cause seizures. When it drop more gradually animal becomes weak, disoriented, irritable, or fails to process info well. Young puppies and toy breeds may get it from imporper nutrition, heavy parasite load, or stress.

Hypothyroidism ✔✔Underactive thyroid. may cause aggression, irritability, and anxiety disorders.

Learned Helplessness ✔✔Learner has learned that they are incapable of escaping punishment and cease offering the behavior

Types of (VSR) Variable Schedule Reinforcement aka partial reinforcement or intermittent schedule of reinforcement ✔✔Random, Differential, Limited Hold, Jackpots

Random Schedule of Reinforcement ✔✔no set pattern. Intermittent & unpredictable

Continuous Reinforcement (CR) ✔✔Dog is rewarded for every correct response. Some trainers use this for when dog is first learning the correct response.

Problem with Continuous Reinforcement Schedule ✔✔You're rewarding good responses with poor responses so the dog has no motive to improve. Also difficult to phase out the food rewards.

Fixed Schedules - Ratio or Interval ✔✔Dog is rewarded on a consistent basis (fixed), after a number of responses (ratio), or certain amount of time (interval). For example, after every five seconds of sit-stay (FD5) = Fixed Duration 5 seconds

Problem with Fixed Schedule - Ratio or Interval ✔✔immediately after dog is rewarded, his attention decreases because he knows the next reward is sometime in the future. No good for

improving quality of performance. Dog rushes through repetitions to get another reward. Behavior may "scallop". Dog may refuse to work if intervals are too long.

Problem with Variable Duration Reinforcement (VD) and with Variable Ratio Reinforcement (VR) ✔✔Few people can calculate the process correctly, doesn't improve quality of performance

Variable Schedules - Ratio or Interval ✔✔Dog is rewarded after unpredictable number of responses (ratio) or unpredictable length durations (interval). For example, VD5 - dog is rewarded after varying durations that average out to be 5 seconds

Differential Reinforcement (DR) ✔✔Dog is given different value rewards that reflect the quality of the performance. Rewarded for precision or best examples of the behavior

Proofing ✔✔Achieving great generalization by the dog. Dog can perform the cue in the same manner in different environments, every time, all the time.

Neonatal Stage ✔✔0 to 2 weeks. Born blind, deaf, and without teeth.Unable to regulate their body temperature. Sleep about 90% of the time. Most influenced by mother.

Transitional Stage ✔✔2 to 4 weeks. Eyes open, hearing develops, puppy becomes explorer. Capable of standing. Play behavior begins to bloom. Start to eliminate on their own. Most influenced by mother & littermates.

Socialization Stage ✔✔3 to 12 weeks - critical for socialization - lasting effect on future behaviors. Learning bite inhibition. Weaning process starts.

First Fear Period ✔✔8 to 11 weeks. Shouldn't be exposed to scary events such as being shipped across the world or undergoing elective surgeries.

Juvenile Period ✔✔Permanent teeth come in, short attention span, heightened exciteability.

Second Fear Stage ✔✔4 to 6 months of age

CCPDT - Certification Counsel of Professional Dog Trainers ✔✔Independent certifying body whose ethics and code must be followed as a certificant

Humane Hierarchy ✔✔A position statement and code of conduct to guide certificants in the dog training process and behavior modification

5 steps of Humane Hierarchy for modifying behavior ✔✔1. health, nutrition, physical factors

  1. Antecedents - environmental mgmt to prevent behavior from occurring

3.Positive Reinforcement, Classical Conditioning

  1. Live with or Manage the Behavior, Negative Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, Extinction, Consult Another Professional (not listed in order of pref)

5.Positive Punishment

Dog Training & Behavior Intervention Practices ✔✔Governs the practices in which a CCPDT certificant may not engage

Behaviors suggesting the desire to increase distance ✔✔Loud, deep barking/growling

lunging

piloerection

stiffness

hard stare

snapping

Behaviors suggesting the desire to decrease distance ✔✔barking/whining

lunging

play bow

full tail wag

eyes soft

body fluid

4 behavioral systems ✔✔fear

submission

investigation

play

What age should dog start puppy class ✔✔8 weeks

Targeting ✔✔Applying an object the dog has already been taught to interact with

Hookworms ✔✔contracted from larvae on ground through skin or infected mother. Feed on blood in lining of small intestine. Symptoms: black, tarry feces, lethargy, anemia, pale gums.