Operant Conditioning and Dog Training Principles, Exams of Animal husbandry

Download Operant Conditioning and Dog Training Principles and more Exams Animal husbandry in PDF only on Docsity! CPDT-KA Exam (New 2024/2025) Questions and Verified Answers| Graded A+ Operant Conditioning - Skinner (Ans- learned by association -works with voluntary behaviors - applying reinforcement or punishment after the behavior Creator of this method considered a "reinforcer" something that made a behavior occur more frequently. If there was no change in the behavior, it wasn't a reinforcement. Formula: Discriminative Stimulus (your command)-Response-Consequence Classical Conditioning - Pavlov (Ans- Learned association between 2 events: 1 event is neutral and 1 event elicits an unconditioned response. Works with INVOLUNTARY/automatic behaviors (like drooling) and placing a neutral sign (like ringing a bell) BEFORE it. Learning (Ans- a change in behavior that lasts for a long time Performance (Ans- the doing of a behavior, doesn't mean that something was learned Discriminative Stimulus (Ans- Your command Temporary Criteria (Ans- the beginning steps of an exercise towards performing a command that is new to the dog Reward Based Training (Ans- uses positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative punishment (removing something the dog likes - i.e. your attention) Primary Reinforcer (Ans- food, water, anything dog needs for survival. Food activates parasympathetic nervous system, can calm dog, make him less fearful, & result in training process being enjoyable Secondary Reinforcer aka Conditioned Reinforcer (Ans- Clicker, saying "yes", . . . marks a behavior as rewardable and promises reward in near future. Rewards such as tennis balls, petting, clapping, tug- dog is conditioned to like them. all of these are learned through classical conditioning. Tertiary Reinforcer (Ans- cues the dog knows and enjoys doing. the doing is the reinforcer One of the most important points about reinforcement (Ans- Do not feed or reinforce unwanted behaviors during training Shaping (Ans- rewards dog for successive approximations of the behavior Luring (Ans- lead the dog into the behavior by tempting with a treat Prompting (Ans- Much like luring only the animal can't see the treat Chaining (Ans- method of teaching a complex sequence of behaviors. each behavior signals the other behavior that eventually signals a reward. Doing this from the last step to the first step is usually the most efficient way - with the last behavior trained first, followed by a reward. Then teach the behavior that will preceed that one, etc. Learned Helplessness (Ans- Dog gives up, shuts down because he's learned he has no control over the current adverse situation Single Event Learning (Ans- learning that occurs when something happens suddenly, that is not related to anything else. A stimulus causes a response. (usually due to noises, movements) Compulsive Training (Ans- uses some degree of negative reinforcement and positive punishment, prong collars, leash jerks, choke chains, praise as reward 4 Stages of Learning (Ans- Acquisition, Fluency, Generalization, Maintenance Law of Parsimony (Ans- Occam's Razor. unless there is evidence to the contrary, one with the fewest assumptions should be selected. The simplest, obvious answer is usually the best. aka Law of Simplicity, Law of Economy. Reinforcer (Ans- recipient considers it good Reward (Ans- giver considers it good and hopes recipient will too Conditioning (Ans- learning Emitted behavior (Ans- dog Voluntarily offers the behavior on his own Elicited behaviors (Ans- prompted by luring or molding (assisted by person to perform) Criteria (Ans- the specific, trainer defined response that is wanted Premack Principle (Ans- a high probability behavior, something the dog loves to do, can be used to reward a low probability behavior (to get "B" the dog must do "A") i.e. dog must "sit" before you'll open the door to let him out. Overshadowing (Ans- when the preferred stimulus (or cue) is not noticed by the animal because there's a more noticeable (to the dog) stimulus around i.e. the hand motion may be more salient (noticeable) to the dog than the verbal cue when both are being used at the same time Permanent Criteria (Ans- the finished product, final goal, fluency Extinction (Ans- occurs when a behavior decreases in frequency or stops happening because of a lack of reinforcement. Extinction Burst (Ans- increased frequency of a behavior just before extinction. (behavior gets worse, then gets better) Spontaneous Recovery (Ans- sudden recurrence of a learned response during extinction The Humane Hierarchy's steps to manage or modify behavior (Ans- 1. Health, Nutrition, and Physical Factors. 2. Antecedents 3. Positive Reinforcement, Classical Conditioning 4. Live with or Manage the Behavior 5. Positive Punishment - E collars are last resort Wolf (Ans- Canis Lupis Dog (Ans- Canis Familiaris Tame (Ans- accustomed to human presence/ decreasing flight distance and increasing tolerance to humans over one individual lifespan Domestication (Ans- undergone extensive behavioral & biological changes resulting from selective breeding over course of many generations Phylogeny (Ans- evolutionary history of an organism Phylogenetic Behaviors in dog (Ans- Behaviors common to dog as a species in general that have developed over generations (i.e. innate fear of fire and loud noises). This type of behavior can be modified. 2 Example of innate (automatic) Phylogenetic behaviors (Ans- 1. Fear of fire 2. Nursing in puppies Ontogenetic Behavior (Ans- develops over lifetime of individual dog. i.e. quickly learns to run to human for piece of food when name is called (Ans- The dog's mouth in an Offensive threat Dog's lips retract horizontally - you can usually see all the teeth, even the back ones. (Ans- Dog's mouth when showing teeth defensively Baseline Posture (Ans- Normal body posture for a dog. Tail down, head up, mouth relaxed, body not stiff. Ambivalence (Ans- In conflict, unsure, may be confused. Dog's body language may show offensive and defensive positions. Displacement Behaviors (Ans- Shows that the dog is unsure of himself and trying to hold it together. List of several displacement behaviors (Ans- yawning, lip licking, scratching - out of context behaviors. Language of Dogs (Ans- sight, sound, smell Critical Zone (Ans- Dog's personal space dependent on environment and stress levels Calming Signals (Ans- yawning, turning away, blinking, averting eyes, etc. produce pacifying effect on animal exhibiting them and possibly the animal they're signaling to. Greeting behavior (Ans- mutual curving nose to tail, somewhat relaxed body and wagging tail. If dog is unsure, body will be stiff and high, wagging slowly Agonistic (Ans- combative Options dogs use to resolve social or competitive disputes (Ans- Avoidance, Appeasement, Submission The main trigger of threats and aggression (Ans- Fear a reaction to a situation, not a personality trait (Ans- Dominance Best neutralizer when you see a dog with conflicted emotions or threatening aggression (Ans- Space. A secondary one is keeping the dog focused on a rewarding task. Social Facilitation (Ans- Pack mentality. i.e. One dog becomes aggressive and others around him follow suit toward a particular dog. One dog gets a drink of water and many others do. etc. Predatory Drift (Ans- dogs getting along fine and suddenly something causes heightened arousal, triggers limbic response, making one dog regard the other as prey Predatory Behavior (Ans- Directed toward objects moving away - intent is to obtain food - has nothing to do with malice Level 1 Bite (Ans- Air snap - no contact Level 2 Bite (Ans- Skin not punctured, may be red mark or slight bruise Level 3 Bite (Ans- 1 to 4 holes from single bite, puncture no deeper than 1/2 length of canine tooth Level 4 Bite (Ans- 1to 4 holes from a single bite, deeper than 1/2 length of teeth, severe bruising, could be slashes in both directions Level 5 Bite (Ans- Multiple level 4 bites Level 6 Bite (Ans- Victim dies What level bites should be referred to dog bite specialist? (Ans- Levels 3, 4, and 5 Percentage of bites that are level 1 through 3 (Ans- 99% - when referring to dog bites Includes both Reward Based Training and Compulsive Training methods (Ans- Operant Conditioning includes what types of training? CER - Conditioned Emotional Response (Ans- dog rides in car, hears loud backfire and it scares him. Now he's afraid to ride in cars thinking he'll hear that scary noise. What kind of response is this? Thorndike Theory (Ans- What is reinforced will occur more often and what is punished will occur less often. (Ans- Occurs in older pets. Disorientation, social interactions, disruptions in sleep/wake cycles, house soiling, may startle more easily due to loss of vision and hearing When is rabies vaccine given? (Ans- in the 1st year at 12 weeks of age or older, then boostered at 1 yr. then every 1 to 3 yrs afterward. Cushings Disease (Ans- body produces too much cortisone, usually occurs in middle age to older dogs. Can contribute to irritability and increased reactivity. Hypoglycemia (Ans- quick drop in blood sugar that can cause seizures. When it drop more gradually animal becomes weak, disoriented, irritable, or fails to process info well. Young puppies and toy breeds may get it from imporper nutrition, heavy parasite load, or stress. Hypothyroidism (Ans- Underactive thyroid. may cause aggression, irritability, and anxiety disorders. Learned Helplessness (Ans- Learner has learned that they are incapable of escaping punishment and cease offering the behavior Types of (VSR) Variable Schedule Reinforcement aka partial reinforcement or intermittent schedule of reinforcement (Ans- Random, Differential, Limited Hold, Jackpots Random Schedule of Reinforcement (Ans- no set pattern. Intermittent & unpredictable Continuous Reinforcement (CR) (Ans- Dog is rewarded for every correct response. Some trainers use this for when dog is first learning the correct response. Problem with Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (Ans- You're rewarding good responses with poor responses so the dog has no motive to improve. Also difficult to phase out the food rewards. Fixed Schedules - Ratio or Interval (Ans- Dog is rewarded on a consistent basis (fixed), after a number of responses (ratio), or certain amount of time (interval). For example, after every five seconds of sit-stay (FD5) = Fixed Duration 5 seconds Problem with Fixed Schedule - Ratio or Interval (Ans- immediately after dog is rewarded, his attention decreases because he knows the next reward is sometime in the future. No good for improving quality of performance. Dog rushes through repetitions to get another reward. Behavior may "scallop". Dog may refuse to work if intervals are too long. Problem with Variable Duration Reinforcement (VD) and with Variable Ratio Reinforcement (VR) (Ans- Few people can calculate the process correctly, doesn't improve quality of performance Variable Schedules - Ratio or Interval (Ans- Dog is rewarded after unpredictable number of responses (ratio) or unpredictable length durations (interval). For example, VD5 - dog is rewarded after varying durations that average out to be 5 seconds Differential Reinforcement (DR) (Ans- Dog is given different value rewards that reflect the quality of the performance. Rewarded for precision or best examples of the behavior Proofing (Ans- Achieving great generalization by the dog. Dog can perform the cue in the same manner in different environments, every time, all the time. Neonatal Stage (Ans- 0 to 2 weeks. Born blind, deaf, and without teeth. Unable to regulate their body temperature. Sleep about 90% of the time. Most influenced by mother. Transitional Stage (Ans- 2 to 4 weeks. Eyes open, hearing develops, puppy becomes explorer. Capable of standing. Play behavior begins to bloom. Start to eliminate on their own. Most influenced by mother & littermates. Socialization Stage (Ans- 3 to 12 weeks - critical for socialization - lasting effect on future behaviors. Learning bite inhibition. Weaning process starts. First Fear Period (Ans- 8 to 11 weeks. Shouldn't be exposed to scary events such as being shipped across the world or undergoing elective surgeries. Juvenile Period (Ans- Permanent teeth come in, short attention span, heightened exciteability. Second Fear Stage (Ans- 4 to 6 months of age CCPDT - Certification Counsel of Professional Dog Trainers (Ans- Independent certifying body whose ethics and code must be followed as a certificant Humane Hierarchy (Ans- A position statement and code of conduct to guide certificants in the dog training process and behavior modification When it comes to criteria, what 3 things are most owners looking for? (Ans- Physical Response - dog performs the cue Latency of Response - how fast he performs Duration of Response - how long he'll stay in position normal body temperature for a dog (Ans- 100.2 to 102.8 Thomas Gordon's Active Listening Technique (Ans- Repeating in your own words what the client has told you Another term for Secondary Reinforcer (Ans- Conditioned Reinforcer Blocking (Ans- Stimulus becomes irrelevant if it is presented together with an already familiar stimulus. i.e. trying to teach commands in another language after he already knows the command in English Continuous Reinforcement (Ans- Behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. The Pros & Cons of Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (Ans- Pros: increase in rate of behavior is rapid Cons: dog responds until he's satiated another name for secondary reinforcer (Ans- Conditioned reinforcer Flehmen Response (Ans- flicking the tongue in and out of the mouth to recieve olfactory info from their environment Red cones (Ans- dogs are missing these in their eyes Puppies most commonly born with these types of worms (Ans- roundworms and hookworms The Punishment statement that IS supported by the CPDT (Ans- American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior (AVSAB) Punishment statement What is the AVSAB position Statement on use of punishment? (in your own words) (Ans- Punishment (like choke chains, pinch collars, etc.) should not be used in early treatment for behavior problems. Instead focus on reinforcing desired behaviors, removing reinforcers for poor behaviors, and addressing emotional and environmental conditions. What are the potential adverse effects of using punishment in training per the AVSAB? (Ans- Inhibition of learning, increased fear-related and aggressive behaviors, and injury to animals and people interacting with animals. Positive Punishment and Negative Reinforcement (Ans- 2 CATEGORIES of training that involves the use of aversives, force, coercion or physical corrections to modify behavior. They also fit the public's description of punishment. How does Negative Reinforcement work? (Ans- the aversive should stop as soon as the animal starts to behave appropriately. AVSAB (Ans- American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction? (Ans- Variable schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to These are types of which kind of reinforcement schedule? Random, Differential, Limited Hold, Jackpots (Ans- Types of Variable Schedules of Reinforcement Blending (Ans- A process by which people get along better by emphasizing the similarities between them. List stages from pup to adult (Ans- Neonatal Stage - birth to 2 wks Transitional stage - 2 to 4 wks Socialization Stage - 3 to 12 wks Ranking Period - 3 to 6 months Adolescence/Juvenile - 6 to 18 months Adult