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Driver- Operator Pumper
Water - answer- most commonly used extinguishing agent
- noncombustible
- absorbs large amounts of heat Waters Boiling Point - answer212° F Waters freezing point - answer32°F Waters Expansion Rate - answer1,700 to 1 at 500° F Law of Specific Heat - answerMeasures the ability of any substance to absorb heat Measured in BTUs (British Thermal Units) 1 BTU = the amount of heat required to raise 1lb of water 1°F Law of Latent Heat of Vaporization - answerThe amount of heat needed to turn a liquid into a vapor 1 BTU to raise 1lb of water 1 degree up to 212° F Adjustable Fog Nozzle - answerStraight Stream Narrow Fog Wide Fog All 3 discharge at a rate of 100 gpm The wider the pattern, the shorter the time span to fill a room with steam. Advantages of Water - answer1. Can absorb large amounts of heat
- As surface area increases, heat absorption increases
- Water is plentiful in most areas
- Steam occupies 1,700 times its original volume as water Disadvantages of Water - answer1. High surface tension limits its penetration into dense materials
- Incompatible with or reactive to certain fuels and combustible materials
- Ice makes roofs and ladders slippery and can make equipment malfunction
- Conducts electricity and makes work with energized electrical equipment dangerous
Water Pressure - answerThe force of water per unit area PSI - answerpounds per square inch The elevation of water defines psi Column of water = 1 in x 1 in x 12 in = 0.434 psi Height determines psi 6 Characteristics of Water - answerBED PAD Bottom Equal Depth Perpendicular All Density Bottom - answerThe pressure at the bottom is independent of the shape of the liquid container above it Equal - answerThe pressure transmitted to a confirmed amount of water is transmitted equally in all directions Depth - answerThe pressure of water in an open container is proportional to its depth Perpendicular - answerThe pressure on an amount of water is perpendicular to any surface it acts on All - answerAt any point in the water in a container, pressure is equal in ALL directions - including upwards Density - answerThe pressure of a liquid in an open container is proportional to the density of the liquid Density = the materials weight compared to that of an equal quantity of water 6 Types of Pressure - answer1. Atmospheric
- Head
- Static
- Flow
- Residual
- Normal operating
Hose and Coupling - answerThe smoother the hose lining the less the loss Water molecules run against couplings Bend - answerWater flow is forced to change direction Kink - answerSharp bends that restrict the flow of water Adapter - answerDevices used to split, combine, or support the addition and reduction of hoselines Nozzles - answerMinimal friction loss to the total step In Line Gear - answerUsed to measure the loss of pressure through friction loss Factors for friction loss in the fire stream - answerHose length Hose diameter Flow velocity Water flow rate Hose Length - answerAs hose length increases, friction loss increases and vice versa The longer the hose wall for the water to rub against, the higher the loss Hose Diameter - answerAs diameter increases, friction loss decreases Has the greatest impact on friction loss Flow Velocity - answerDescribes how many feet of water mover per second (ft/sec) In order to get the same amount of water out of a smaller diameter hose, you must increase the flow velocity Water Flow Rate - answerWhen hose diameter remains the same, friction loss varies approximately with the square of the increase in flow rate If GPM doubles = loss is 4x greater (2 squared = 4) If GPM triples = loss is triples (3 cubed = 9) Ways to Reduce Friction Loss - answer- Avoid bends and kinks
- Use a large diameter hose as safely as possible (ie: 3 inch hardline)
- keep hose length as short as possible
All are TRUE about friction loss EXCEPT - answerAs hose length increases, friction loss decreases Municipal Water Supply - answer- Surface water
- Ground water Primer Control - answerUsed to operate the priming device when drafting from a static source Water Tank Level Indicator - answerDisplays the amount of water remaining in the internal water tank Intake Pressure Gauge - answerMeasures positive pressure (0-600 psi) Can also measure negative pressure (0-30 inches of vacuum) during pruning operations May also be referred to as a compound or vacuum gauge Discharge Pressure Gauge - answerMeasures the pump discharge pressure before it reaches the individual lines Reads between 0 and 699 psi or higher Pump Overheat Gauge - answerCritical indicator of effective pumping operations 2 Discharge Gaguges - answerindicate discharge pressure for each individual line Tachometer - answerreports the engine rpm useful indicator in troubleshooting engine or pump deterioration Engine Oil Pressure Gauge - answercritical indicator for efficient operation of the engine Engine Coolant Temperature Gauge - answerreports temperature in degrees Fahrenheit Engine Fuel Gauge - answercritical indicate for the driver/ operator to evaluate during prolonged pumping operations Engine Throttle - answerused to change the speed of the engine, thus affecting discharge pressure accordingly Voltmeter Gauge - answermeasure of the integrity of the electrical supply system 4 Types of Pump Panels - answer1. Side Mounted
- Top Mounted
- Front Mounted
- Rear Mounted
Disadvantage of front mounted pumps - answermore susceptible to freezing in cold climates more vulnerable to damage if involved in a front end collision Midship Mounted Pumps - answermost common type of pump can be powered by PTO or midship transfer drive better insulation and protection because they're internally mounted pump panel may be mounted on the side or top Rear Mounted Pump - answerbecome increasingly popular can be powered by PTO or Midship transfer drive Advantages of a rear mounted pump - answerhelp to more evenly distribute the overall weight on the chassis more compartment space for tools/ equipment PTO Pump- stationary operation (Automatic) - answer1. Position the apparatus
- Place transmission in neutral
- Set the parking brake
- Operate PTO control
- Place transmission in recommended gear
- Chock wheels PTO Pump - Stationary operation (Manual) - answer1. Position the apparatus
- Disengage the clutch and hold
- Apply parking brake
- Place the transmission in neutral
- Operate PTO control
- Place transmission in the appropriate gear
- Engage clutch slowly
- Chock the wheels PTO Pump - Pump and Roll (Automatic) - answer1. Place transmission in neutral
- Operate PTO control
- Place the transmission in the recommended gear PTO Pump - Pump and Roll (Manual) - answer1. Disengage the clutch and hold
- Place the transmission in neutral
- Operate PTO control
- Place transmission in recommended gear
- Engage clutch slowly Disengaging PTO Pump - answer1. reduce engine speed to idle Manual
- disengage clutch
- transmission to neutral
- disenagge PTO control
- reengage clutch Automatic
- transmission to netural
- disengage PTO control Midship Transfer Driven Pump- Manual - answer1. Position apparatus
- Disengage clutch and hold
- when engine is idling, place transmission in neutral
- set the parking brake
- operate pump shift control to transfer power form drive wheels to the pump
- place transmission in recommended gear
- engage clutch slowly
- chock wheels Midship Transfer Drive Pump - Automatic - answer1. position the apparatus
- when engine is idling, transmission in neutral
- set parking brake
- operate pump shift control to transfer power from the drive wheels to the pump
- place transmission in recommended gear
- depress the accelerator to ensure that power is being transferred to the pump
- chock wheels Disengage Midship Transfer Driven Pump - answer1. reduce speed to idle Manual
- disengage clutch Automatic
- transmission in neutral
- pump drive shuts down
- disengage pump shift control on a pump and roll operation with a manual transmission, after operating the PTO and placing the transmission in the recommended gear, you must... - answerreengage clutch slowly
- eductor gpm and nozzle gpm should have the same rating otherwise, the foam mixture will be insuffucuent types of portable foam proprtioners - answer1. in line foam educators
- foam nozzle eductors
- self educting master stream nozzle Foam Works By - answer1. separating the fuel from the fire
- Cooling the fire
- Smothering the fire by stopping the release of flammable vapors Class A Foams - answerdesigned for class a fires can be used with a solid stream or fog nozzle may affect aquatic life have various concentrations used in lower concentrations (0.1% - 3%) Class B Foams - answerdesigned for class b fires can be protein based or synthetic used in low concentrations for hydrocarbons (0.1% - 3%) used in higher concentrations for polar solvents (3%-6%) AFFF Foams - answerused on hydrocarbon fires When do we mix different synthetic brands of foam? - answerNEVER - unless they're made to military specification (MIL - SPEC) Application rate for class a foam - answerthe same as water 2 types of class a foam - answerwet class a foam dry class a foam wet class a foam - answerhigh water/ low air penetrates better fast drainage
dry class a foam - answerlow water/ high air adheres to vertical surfaces better slow drainage Class A fires - answerinvolve carbon based materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and plastics ordinary combustible materials Class B fires - answerinvolves flammable and combustible liquids that require the use of alcohol resistant foam (comonly called polar solvent foam) Nozzle Aeration - answerproduces a blanket of foam with uniform bubbles Fog Nozzles are best used to aerate - answerclass a and some class b foams, including AFFF, but flow is reduced compared to water Fog Nozzles should NOT be used on - answerpolar solvents because they don't provide enough aeration Aspiration Foam Nozzles - answerdraft air through a restricted opening, providing max expansion of the agent Batch Mixing - answerthe simplest foam stream system involves 5 gal buckets of foam concentrate poured directly into the water tank of the pumper Pre Mixing - answercommon process pre measured portions of water and foam concentrate are mixed in a container In Line Eductor - answermounted - uses the same principles as a portable educator, except the components are a permanent part of the apparatus Around The Pump Proportioner - answerone of the most common types of apparatus mounted foam stream systems in use today uses water that flows off the fire pump and through a small return water line containing an in line eductor Bypass Balanced Pressure Proportioner - answerone of the most accurate apparatus mounted foam stream systems
- ensure the foam concentrate percentage matches the eductir concentrate setting
- attach the eductor input to a hose that can flow the rated capacity of the eductor
- attach the eductor discharge to a hose that can flow the rated capacity of the eductor and a nozzle that matches the rated capacity of the eductor
- prepare sufficient foam concentrate for the anticipated duration of the application
- place the eductor suction hose into the concentrate, ensuring that the bottom of the concentrate container is no more than 6 feet below the eductor intake
- increase water discharge pressure required for the eductor until foam is flowing 3 methods for applying foam - answerrain down bank down roll on rain down method - answersweep the foam stream above the incident and allow it to float down to the sirface of the fuel may be used on above ground storage tank fires, fuel spills, vehicle fires, and when the other two methods can't be used Bank down method - answerdirect the foam stream onto the sides of an object and allow the stream to run down onto the sirface of the fuel source can only be used when the fuel source is around an elevated object Roll On Method - answerdirect the foam along the front edge of the fuel and allow the stream to roll across the surface of the pool until the pool is covered or the fire is extinguished primarily used on liquid fuel ground incidents operating a typical installed foam proportioning system - answer1. Follow in cab pump procedures
- Follow manufacturers directions for activating the foam system
- Adjust foam metering valve to the desired flow rate
- Open Tank to pump valve if applicable
- Open foam induction control knob
- Activate foam isolation valve switch
- Set throttle to desired discharge pressure
- Monitor gauges
- Operate a dump line so the pump doesn't overheat
- Open discharges as required
- Set pressure relief valve/ governor Entire process for foam operation - answer1. Position the apparatus
- Transmission in neutral
- Set parking brake
- Operate pump shift control to transfer power from the drive wheels to the pump
- Place transmission in the recommended gear and lock shifter into place
- Depress accelerator
- Chock wheels
- Make connections to the hydrant
- Open pump intake
- If using multi stage pump - set transfer valve
- Increase engine rpm
- Follow manufacturers directions for activating foam system
- Adjust foam metering valve to desired flow rate
- Open tank to pump valve
- Open foam induction control knob
- Activate foam isolation valve switch
- Set throttle
- Monitor gauges
- Operate dump line so pump doesn't overheat
- Open discharge valve slowly
- Set pressure relief valve NFPA 13 - answerStandard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems Addresses operating principles, design, and installation of all sprinkler system applications including the various types of sprinklers, fittings, piping, valves, and both private and fire service mains NFPA 13D - answerStandard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two- Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes Provides guidelines for the operation, design, and installation of sprinkler systems in 1 and 2 family residencies NFPA 13R - answerStandard for the installation of sprinkler systems in residential occupancies up to and including four stories in height. Provides descriptions of the operating principles, design, and installation guidelines for low rise multi family dwellings NFPA 14 - answerStandard for the Installation of Standpipe Private Hydrant and Hose Systems Descriptions of the operating principles, design, and installation guidelines for the fixed fire suppression systems that include standpipes, private hydrants, and hose systems
2 types of standpipe systems - answerWet pipe Dry pipe Wet pipe standpipe systems - answerContain water under pressure and are ready to be used as soon as lines can be attached to the FDC Use the water supplied by the pumper to supplement the systems supply with water under pressure Dry pipe standpipe systems - answerUse water supplied by the pumper and can only be used after the FDC connections to the pumper have been made Hose lays for standpipes - answerA minimum of two 2 and 1/2 inch hose lines OR one 3 inch hose line connected to the FDC Supply lines and connections to the hydrant I'm a standpipe systems the pump discharge pressure will depend on pressure loss - answerIn the standpipe of 10 psi In the hose lay from the pumper to the FDC In the hose on the fire floor Due to nozzle pressure Due to elevation pressure caused by the height of the building Other common problems with standpipes - answerFDC has a frozen swivel FDC is vandalized and unusable Hose valve on an upper floor is inoperative Standpipe in a building with only one standpipe is totally unusable Frozen swivel - answerUse double male with a double female to make connections Totally Unusable due to Vandalism - answerCharge the standpipe riser at the first floor level by attaching a double female to the hose valve at the first floor level Hose valve inoperative - answerUse a valve from the next floor down Standpipe is unusable - answerMay have to hoist a line up the outside of the building NFPA 1911 - answerStandard for the Inspection, Maintenance, Testing, and Retirement of In-Service Automotive Fire Apparatus 2 acceptable sources of water for conducting a fire pump service test - answer1. Hydrant
- Static body of water
Why would you draft from a static source when performing a fire pump service test? - answerBecause drafting from a static source is the true test of the pumps ability When using a static body of water for service testing make sure - answer- The water is at least 4 feet deep
- Strainer must be submerged at least 2 feet below the water surface
- the water surface may be no more than 10 feet below the centerline of the pump intake
- you must have 20 feet of hard intake hose for drafting During service testing make sure that atmospheric temperature is between - answer0°F and 100°F During service testing make sure the water temperature is between - answer35°F and 90°F During service testing make sure the barometric pressure is at least - answer29 inches Hg corrected to sea level Pitot Tube - answerMeasures velocity pressure of the stream of water Air chamber is rated from 0 to 160 psi External Gauge Tests - answerUsed to verify intake pressure and discharge pressure The intake pressure gauge must be capable of measuring a vacuum in inches Hg from - answer0 to 30 The discharge pressure gauge must be capable of measuring psi from - answer0 to 400 Tachometer - answerUsed to measure an engines speed 7 fire pump service tests - answerEngine speed check Vacuum test Priming test Pump capacity test Pressure control test Gauge and flow meter test Tank to pump flow rate test Engine speed check - answerTests the apparatus to ensure that the fire apparatus is still running at the same speed it was rated for when the apparatus was new
- The test begins when the net pump discharge pressure (150 psi) and the volume pressure are flowing satisfactory. Record the following readings at 5 minute intervals for a total of 20 minutes
- pump discharge pressure
- nozzle pressure
- engine rpm (tachometer)
- oil pressure
- automatic transmission fluid temperature
- Increase net pump discharge pressure to 200 psi. The pump should deliver at least 70% of its rated volume capacity. Allow pump to run for 10 minutes
- Increase net pump discharge pressure to 250 psi. Pump should deliver at least 50% of its rated volume capacity. Allow pump to run for 10 minutes Pressure Control Test - answerMeasures whether the pressure control devices can maintain certain discharge pressures under varying conditions Steps to conduct a pressure control test - part 1 - answer1. Set the fire pump so that it's discharging its rated capacity at a net pump discharge pressure of 150 psi
- Set the pressure control device to maintain the discharge pressure at 150 psi
- Close each valve flowing water one at a time. Close each valve in no less than 3 seconds and no more than 10 seconds
- The pump discharge pressure should rise no more than 30 psi when all valves are closed Steps to conduct a pressure control test - part 2 - answer1. Set the fire pump so that it's discharging it's rated capacity at a net pump discharge pressure of 150 psi by slowly re opening all discharge valves
- Reduce the pumping engine throttle until the net pump discharge pressure drops to 90 psi
- Set the pressure control device to maintain the discharge pressure at 90 psi
- Close each of the flowing valves one at a time. Close each valve in no less than 3 seconds and no more than 10 seconds
- The pump discharge pressure should rise no more than 30 psi Steps to conduct a pressure control test- part 3 - answer1. Set fire pump so it's discharging 50% of its rated capacity at a net pump discharge pressure of 250 psi
- Set the pressure control device to maintain the discharge pressure at 250 psi
- Close each of the flowing valves one at a time in no less than 3 seconds and no more than 10 seconds
- The pump discharge pressure should rise no more than 30 psi when all valves are closed
Gauge and flow meter test - answerChecks that the given discharge information is accurate when the pump is in operation This test compares flowmeter readings with actual pitot tube readings The 2 readings should differ by +/- 10% Steps for a flow meter test - answer1. Disconnect all pre connected hoselines and make sure that all caps or closed nozzles are screwed onto their discharges
- Once all discharges are capped, slightly open each discharge valve
- Increase the throttle until the test discharge pressure gauge reads 150 psi Inverter - answer- Converts 12 or 24- battery DC to volt AC for supplemental lighting
- quiet compared to generators
- invert DC to AC
- output is usually limited to 1,500 watts Generators - answer- supplemental power
- provide up to 5,000 watts
- capable of up to 12,000 watts Portable Lights - answer- provide between 300 and 1,000 watts
- most often used when additional lighting as necessary Fixed Lighting - answer- range: 1,500 watts per lamp
- typically provide overall lighting
- can be adjusted Rescue Tools - answer- shears
- spreaders
- combi tools
- extension 2 types of service tests - answer1. Pre-service test
- Fire Pump Service Test Pre-Service Test - answer- performed before any truck is put into service
- conducted by the manufacturer Fire Pump Service Test - answer- conducted annually
- driver/ operator may perform this test 4 Pre-Service Tests - answerRoad Test Hydrostatic Test Pump Certification Test
