Understanding Earth Science: Branches, Systems, and Subspecialties, Lecture notes of Earth Sciences

An overview of Earth science, including its four major branches - astronomy, meteorology, geology, and oceanography. It also introduces the concept of Earth's systems - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. various subspecialties of Earth science, such as paleontology, climatology, hydrology, tectonics, geochemistry, ecology, and more.

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2021/2022

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Objectives
Differentiate among the four major branches of
Earth science.
Earth Science
Contrast the four systems of Earth.
Discuss how Earth science affects your daily life.
astronomy
meteorology
geology
oceanography
lithosphere
asthenosphere
hydrosphere
atmosphere
biosphere
Vocabulary
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Objectives

  • Differentiate among the four major branches of Earth science.
  • Contrast the four systems of Earth.
  • Discuss how Earth science affects your daily life.
  • astronomy
  • meteorology
  • geology
  • oceanography
  • lithosphere
  • asthenosphere
  • hydrosphere
  • atmosphere
  • biosphere

Vocabulary

4 Branches of Earth Science

  • #1 Geology -materials that make up Earth and the processes that form and change these materials.
  • #3 Oceanography is the study of Earth’s oceans, which cover nearly three-fourths of the planet.
  • #4 Astronomy is the study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

Tectonics Effects of internal processes on Earth’s surface, including earthquakes and mountain building Geochemistry Earth’s composition and the processes that change it

The Scope of Earth Science

Table 1-1 Some Subspecialties of Earth Science Subspecialty Subjects Studied Ecology Habitats of organisms and how organisms interact with each other and their environments

Earth ’ s Systems

.4 Main Earth SYSTEMS

A. The Lithosphere

  • Earth’s lithosphere is the rigid outer shell of the planet and includes the crust and the outer mantle. - Below is the molten asthenosphere…

Earth ’ s Systems

C. The Atmosphere

  • The atmosphere is the blanket of gases that surrounds our planet.
  • Earth’s atmosphere is necessary for respiration and protects life from harmful Sun radiation.

Earth ’ s Systems

D. The Biosphere

  • The biosphere includes all organisms on Earth as well as the environments in which they live.

Section Assessment

1. Match the following terms with their definitions.

___ geology ___ oceanography ___ meteorology ___ astronomy A. the study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere B. the study of the air that surrounds Earth C. the study of the materials that make up Earth and the processes that form and change these materials D. the study of Earth’s oceans C D B A

_____________ Earthquakes along the San Andreas fault _____________ Effects of climatic change on dinosaurs _____________ Water flow into the Ogallala aquifer _____________ The effects of logging on the Spotted Owl _____________ Long term weather patterns in New England

Section Assessment

2. Which subspecialties of Earth science would

apply to the following subjects?

Tectonics Paleontology Hydrology Ecology Climatology

  • End of Section

Objectives

  • List the steps used in a scientific method.
  • Compare and contrast experimental variables and controls.
  • Identify basic SI units.
  • Explain how to write numbers using scientific notation.
  • hypothesis
  • independent variable
  • dependent variable
  • control
  • Le Système International d’Unités (SI)
  • scientific notation

Vocabulary

Methods of Scientists

The Nature of Scientific Investigations

Methods of Scientists

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Methods of Scientists

  • The independent variable in an experiment is the factor that is manipulated by the experimenter.
  • A control is used to show that the results of an experiment are a result of the condition being tested.
  • A dependent variable is a factor that can change if the independent variable is changed.