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Outline of Earth Sciences: Branches, History, and Organizations, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Earth Sciences

Centro Escolar University (CEU)Earth Sciences

An overview of Earth sciences, including its branches such as atmospheric science, environmental science, and geology. It also covers the history of Earth science and lists notable organizations in the field. Useful for students and researchers in Earth sciences.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2021/2022

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Outline of Earth sciences
See also: Index of Earth science articles
The following outline is provided as an overview of and
topical guide to Earth science:
Diagram of the structure of the Earth including its atmosphere
Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences re-
lated to the planet Earth.[1] It is also known as geoscience,
the geosciences or the Earth sciences, and is arguably a
special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only
known life-bearing planet.
Earth science is a branch of the physical sciences which
is a part of the natural sciences. It in turn has many
branches.
1 Earth’s spheres
Afalse-color composite of global oceanic and terrestrial pho-
toautotroph abundance from September 1997 to August 2000,
showing Earth’s biosphere. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project,
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE.
Ecosphere[2][3] – there are many subsystems that make
up the natural environment (the planetary ecosystem or
“ecosphere”) of the Earth. Many of the subsystems are
characterized as “spheres”, coinciding with the shape of
the planet. The four spheres (for which most of the
other spheres are a subtype of) are the atmosphere, the
biosphere, the hydrosphere and the geosphere. Listed
roughly from outermost to innermost the named spheres
of the Earth are:
•Magnetosphere
•Atmosphere, the gases that surround the Earth (its
air)
•By altitude
•Exosphere
•Exobase
•Ionosphere
•Thermopause
•Thermosphere
•Mesopause
•Mesosphere
•Stratopause
•Stratosphere
•Ozone layer
•Tropopause
•Troposphere
•Planetary boundary layer
•By air turbulence
•Heterosphere
•Turbopause
•Homosphere
•Biosphere, all life on Earth
•Anthroposphere
•Noosphere (rare)
•Cryosphere – those portions of Earth’s surface
where water is in solid form, including sea ice,
lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps,
ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes per-
mafrost). Thus, there is a wide overlap with the hy-
drosphere.
•Hydrosphere – all water found on, under, and over
the surface of Earth
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Outline of Earth sciences

See also: Index of Earth science articles

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Earth science:

Diagram of the structure of the Earth including its atmosphere

Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences re- lated to the planet Earth.[1]^ It is also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences, and is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet.

Earth science is a branch of the physical sciences which is a part of the natural sciences. It in turn has many branches.

1 Earth’s spheres

A false-color composite of global oceanic and terrestrial pho- toautotroph abundance from September 1997 to August 2000, showing Earth’s biosphere. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE.

Ecosphere[2][3]^ – there are many subsystems that make up the natural environment (the planetary ecosystem or “ecosphere”) of the Earth. Many of the subsystems are characterized as “spheres”, coinciding with the shape of the planet. The four spheres (for which most of the other spheres are a subtype of) are the atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere and the geosphere. Listed roughly from outermost to innermost the named spheres of the Earth are:

  • Magnetosphere
  • Atmosphere, the gases that surround the Earth (its air) - By altitude - Exosphere - Exobase - Ionosphere - Thermopause - Thermosphere - Mesopause - Mesosphere - Stratopause - Stratosphere - Ozone layer - Tropopause - Troposphere - Planetary boundary layer - By air turbulence - Heterosphere - Turbopause - Homosphere
  • Biosphere, all life on Earth
    • Anthroposphere
      • Noosphere (rare)
  • Cryosphere – those portions of Earth’s surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes per- mafrost). Thus, there is a wide overlap with the hy- drosphere.
  • Hydrosphere – all water found on, under, and over the surface of Earth

2 2 BRANCHES OF EARTH SCIENCE

  • Pedosphere
  • Geosphere/Solid Earth
    • Lithosphere
      • Crust (geology)
    • Asthenosphere
    • Mesosphere
    • Earth’s mantle
    • Earth’s core
      • Inner core
      • Outer core

2 Branches of Earth science

2.1 Atmospheric science

Atmospheric sciences

  • Meteorology
  • Climatology
  • Paleoclimatology
  • Atmospheric chemistry
  • Atmospheric physics

2.2 Environmental science

Environmental science – an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.

  • Ecology – scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distri- bution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. - Freshwater biology – scientific biological study of freshwater ecosystems and is a branch of Limnology - Marine biology – scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water - Parasitology – Parasitology is the study of par- asites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. - Population dynamics – Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies short- term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the biological and environmental processes influencing those changes. - Environmental chemistry – Environmental chem- istry is the scientific study of the chemical and bio- chemical phenomena that occur in natural places. - Environmental soil science – Environmental soil sci- ence is the study of the interaction of humans with the pedosphere as well as critical aspects of the bio- sphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the at- mosphere. - Environmental geology – Environmental geology, like hydrogeology, is an applied science concerned with the practical application of the principles of ge- ology in the solving of environmental problems. - Geodesy – scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, in- cluding its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space

2.3 Geology

  • Geology
    • Economic geology
    • Engineering geology
    • Environmental geology
    • Quaternary geology
    • Planetary geology
    • Petroleum geology
    • Historical geology
    • Hydrogeology
    • Structural geology
  • Geochemistry
  • Geochronology
  • Geomagnetics
  • Geomicrobiology
  • Geomorphology
  • Geophysics
  • Micropaleontology
  • Mineralogy
    • Gemology
    • Mineral physics
    • Mining
  • Paleontology
  • Palynology
  • Petrology

4 3 HISTORY OF EARTH SCIENCE

  • History of parasitology – history of the Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them.
  • History of population dynamics – history of the Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies short-term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the bi- ological and environmental processes in- fluencing those changes.
  • History of environmental chemistry – history of the Environmental chemistry is the scien- tific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places.
  • History of environmental soil science – history of the Environmental soil science is the study of the interaction of humans with the pedo- sphere as well as critical aspects of the bio- sphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the atmosphere.
  • History of environmental geology – history of the Environmental geology, like hydrogeol- ogy, is an applied science concerned with the practical application of the principles of geol- ogy in the solving of environmental problems.
  • History of toxicology – history of the branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine con- cerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
  • History of geodesy – history of the scientific disci- pline that deals with the measurement and represen- tation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space
  • History of geography – history of the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenom- ena of Earth
  • History of geoinformatics – history of the sci- ence and the technology which develops and uses information science infrastructure to address the problems of geography, geosciences and related branches of engineering.
  • History of geology – history of the study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere.
  • History of planetary geology – history of the planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites.
  • History of geomorphology – history of the scien- tific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
  • History of geostatistics – history of the branch of statistics focusing on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets
  • History of geophysics – history of the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods.
  • History of glaciology – history of the study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenom- ena that involve ice.
  • History of hydrology – history of the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cy- cle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
  • History of hydrogeology – history of the area of ge- ology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth’s crust (commonly in aquifers).
  • History of mineralogy – history of the study of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals.
  • History of meteorology – history of the interdisci- plinary scientific study of the atmosphere which ex- plains and forecasts weather events.
  • History of oceanography – history of the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean
  • History of paleoclimatology – history of the study of changes in climate taken on the scale of the entire history of Earth
  • History of paleontology – history of the study of pre- historic life
  • History of petrology – history of the branch of geol- ogy that studies the origin, composition, distribution and structure of rocks.
  • History of limnology – history of the study of inland waters
  • History of seismology – history of the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies
  • History of soil science – history of the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth in- cluding soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility proper- ties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils.
  • History of topography – history of the study of surface shape and features of the Earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids.
  • History of volcanology – history of the study of vol- canoes, lava, magma, and related geological, geo- physical and geochemical phenomena.

4 Earth science programs

  • NASA Earth Science

5 Earth science organizations

  • List of geoscience organizations

6 Earth science publications

7 People influential in Earth sci-

ence

8 See also

  • Outline of science
    • Outline of natural science
      • Outline of physical science
        • Outline of earth science
    • Outline of formal science
    • Outline of social science
    • Outline of applied science

9 References

[1] Wordnet Search: Earth science

[2] “A Lexicon of the Spheres” (PDF). Oregon State Univer- sity.

[3] “ESO 2 Science 11: The Ecosphere and the Ecosystems”. Science Helpdesk.

10 External links

  • Earth Science Picture of the Day, a service of Universities Space Research Association, sponsored by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
  • Geoethics in Planetary and Space Exploration
  • National Earth Science Teachers Association