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EBM Final questions with correct answers
specific instance and provides guidance using research to support guidance recommendations; designed to illustrate a specific case exception - Correct Answer-Case Report research and clinical practice guidelines into a clinical picture following SOAP format; UptoDate; ratings could be based on interpretation - Correct Answer- narrative format synthesizes research into and evidence-based composite - Correct Answer- systematic review USPSTF ratings based on _____ - Correct Answer-outcomes and mortality data Cochrane levels of evidence - Correct Answer-intervention reviews, diagnostic test accuracy reviews, methodology reviews, qualitative reviews, prognosis reviews Cochrane evaluates ____ - Correct Answer-study authors; risk of study bias, risk of author bias Forrest Plot- length of line represents - Correct Answer-confidence in findings Forrest Plot- size of symbol represents - Correct Answer-power of study first clinical trials done among people to learn how drug is processed in body and how it affects the body using very small dose (10-15 people) - Correct Answer- Drug Trials- Phase 0
aims to find best dose with fewest side effects (15-30 people) - Correct Answer- Drug Trials-Phase 1 assesses safety as well as if drug works testing the drug against a specific disease alone or with other drugs - Correct Answer-Drug Trials-Phase 2 compare new drug with standard of care drug (100 or more patients in two or more treatment groups); stopped early if side effects are too severe - Correct Answer- Drug Trials-Phase 3 new drugs approved by FDA on several hundreds or thousands of patients to look for short or long-term side effects and safety - Correct Answer-Drug Trials-Phase 4 PICO stands for - Correct Answer-Problem/Patient, Intervention, Comparison/Control, Outcome single moment in time not looking forward or back - Correct Answer-Cross- Section Study Design compare changes between groups, random subject assignment, experimental group and control group - Correct Answer-Experimental Design Types-Experimental no randomization, yes control group, no time dependent - Correct Answer- Experimental Design Types- Quasi-Experimental no randomization, no control group, no time-dependent - Correct Answer- Experimental Design Types- Pre-Experimental
using same instrument to measure something the same way - Correct Answer- instrument reliability you measure something and you measure it differently the next time - Correct Answer-intra-rater reliability between groups, two people measure things differently - Correct Answer-inter- rater reliability is the measurement appropriate; does it measure what it purports to measure - Correct Answer-validity threats to study design, (time, maturation, attrition, sampling, instrument change, regression toward the mean, experimenter bias) - Correct Answer-internal validity threats to the generalization of study conclusions (represent population, study influence on test group, lack of random assignment, insufficient sample size) - Correct Answer-external validity what you change with the intervention - Correct Answer-independent variable thing being tested by the intervention - Correct Answer-dependent variable systematic review can contain ____ but not all do - Correct Answer-meta-analysis (where quantitative data is) systematic reviews are free of ____ - Correct Answer-bias
what do systematic reviews contain? - Correct Answer-reproducible search, inclusion and exclusion criteria, table with study details, risk of bias analysis, meta-analysis (sometimes), recommendation for action raw unfiltered data, not always negative but pharmaceutical companies don't publish it on purpose; not aimed at general public - Correct Answer-gray literature Confidence Intervals- ____% chance that results are within ___ standard deviations of sample proportion - Correct Answer-95, 2 number of individuals that must receive the intervention for 1 person to benefit - Correct Answer-Number needed to treat combines result of included studies and create a pooled estimate of results - Correct Answer-meta-analysis longer line on a forrest plot indicates - Correct Answer-less confidence in study Which statement is false regarding systematic review? - Correct Answer- systematic reviews have a narrow focus with a defined group of patients which leading organization is similar to Cochrane Collaboration in its function to promote evidence-based information for healthcare fields - Correct Answer- Agency for Healthcare research and quality the type of reporting typically found on UpToDate is - Correct Answer-narrative
determining statistically that a difference between two samples exists when in reality it DOES NOT - Correct Answer-type 1 error determining statistically that no difference exists between two samples when in reality it DOES - Correct Answer-type 2 error likelihood that any one event will occur given all possible outcomes - Correct Answer-probability decision to accept or reject the null hypothesis is based on - Correct Answer-p- value larger p-value leads to larger chance of - Correct Answer-type 1 error power greater than or equal to ____ is good - Correct Answer-80% a hypothetical quantity that indicates the degree of variability among sample means
- Correct Answer-standard error quantifies the probable range of values that include population value based on our sample data - Correct Answer-confidence interval calculation for CI - Correct Answer-95% CI= POINT ESTIMATE +/- 1. (STANDARD ERROR) categorical data uses ___ - Correct Answer-number needed to treat
calculation for NNT - Correct Answer-100/ARR if percentage 1/ARR if proportion was treatment assignment randomized? look.. - Correct Answer-at methods section were groups similar at start? look at... - Correct Answer-results section were groups treated equally? look at... - Correct Answer-methods sections were all patients who entered trial accounted for? look at... - Correct Answer- results section were measures objective or were patients and clinicians blinded? look at... - Correct Answer-methods section double blinded means - Correct Answer-both patients and investigators were unaware of treatment allocation tells us how many times more likely it is that an event will occur in the treatment group relative to control group - Correct Answer-relative risk (RR) an RR of 1 - Correct Answer-means that there is no difference an RR>1 - Correct Answer-means that the treatment increased the risk of the outcome
positive predictive values - Correct Answer-true positives divided by true positives +false positives negative predictive values - Correct Answer-true negatives divided by true negatives + false negatives measures the ability of a test to identify patients with the CORRECT disease - Correct Answer-sensitivity measures the ability of a test to identify patients WITHOUT disease - Correct Answer-specificity how likely it will be that the patient truly has the disease after testing positive - Correct Answer-positive predictive value reflects how likely it will be that the patient truly does not have the disease after testing negative - Correct Answer-negative predictive value positive likelihood calculated by: - Correct Answer-sensitivity divided by 1- specificity negative likelihood calculated by: - Correct Answer-1-sensitivity divided by specificity probability that a person with the disease tested positive for the disease (true positive) - Correct Answer-positive likelihood ratio
probability that a person with the disease tested negative for the disease (false negative) - Correct Answer-negative likelihood ratio LR>1 - Correct Answer-test is likely to detect the presence of the disease LR<1 - Correct Answer-test likely to detect the absence of the disease accuracy is the combination of... - Correct Answer-sensitivity and specificity increase in true positives will affect the ___ values for a test - Correct Answer- PPV, sensitivity, prevalence no one able to replicate results of a study would be an ____ validity threat - Correct Answer-external which statistical test would apply to a data set that has more than 2 groups, uses interval scale, has equal variances, and is normally distributed - Correct Answer- ANOVA a verbal frequency scale would be described as what type of data - Correct Answer-ordinal reducing variability would ____ statistical power of a study - Correct Answer- increase
