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ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
MODEL FOR BUSINESS
Stuart Hart's 1997 HBR paper Beyond Greening advocates that companies ultimately adopt... - ANSWER -a sustainability vision In Stuart Hart's 1997 HBR paper Beyond Greening, he states that the only institutions with the resources, technology, global reach, and motivation to achieve sustainability are... - ANSWER - corporations In Stuart Hart's 1997 HBR paper Beyond Greening, he states that the main challenge was... - ANSWER -for humans to develop an economy that the planet could support indefinitely According to Stuart Hart, the first three stages in companies' efforts to go beyond greening are: - ANSWER -Pollution prevention, pollution control, clean technology Amartia Sen, an economics Nobel-prize awardee went beyond the basic needs approach by proposing that: - ANSWER -All the other ANSWER s accurately summarize Amartia Sen's proposal The concern for social development as a necessity alongside environmental and economic development was a consequence of the recognition that besides environmental protection and the elimination of extreme poverty, the achieving the following was also necessary: - ANSWER -The other three ANSWER s are correct Which of the following fact-describing sentences do you agree with? - ANSWER -I agree with all three sentences
The course book's Chapter 3 mentions the difficulty in addressing human needs in an equitable way. This is because several questions need to be resolved. One such question is: - ANSWER - All the other ANSWER s mention issues that explain that difficulty The course book's Chapter 3 mentions four forces (groups, ideologies, and social institutions) behind the resistance to unfair social structures resulting from industrialization. They are: - ANSWER -The ILO, Marxism, some governments, and the Catholic Church Economic growth and environmental protection are necessary but not sufficient conditions for human development because: - ANSWER -The other three ANSWER s are correct One example of the exploitative redesign of colonized economies in the XIX century is - ANSWER -All the other ANSWER s are examples One positive and one negative consequence of the industrial revolution are respectively: - ANSWER -Increase in productive efficiency and transition from sustenance (or survival) economy to a wage-based labor economy According to Jared Diamond, the occupation of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean for over 3,000 years is an example of: - ANSWER - Top-down approach to avoid collapse
1944 Bretton Woods Conference. They succeeded in avoiding the perils that followed World War I, but despite the huge technological progress and economic growth in the Western World, in 1980 the following was still observed: - ANSWER -All the other ANSWER s are accurate statements according to the Brandt 1980 report The course book Chapter 4's fourth section specifically mentions the very slow progress made in recent decades regarding three major environmental challenges. They are: - ANSWER - Biodiversity loss; climate change; deforestation The course book's Chapter 4's third section states three principles that should help counterbalance the concern for unbridled economic growth and steer economic agents towards a more sustainable approach to nature. They are: - ANSWER - Precautionary principle; avoidance of cost externalization; and polluter pays principle How much land area are required by a human population to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it produces is: - ANSWER -That population's ecological footprint Which of the following statements is representative of a currently accepted view of sustainable development? - ANSWER -All the other ANSWER s are representative of a currently accepted view of sustainable development The time, space, and interest matrix introduced by the Limits to Growth team in 1972: - ANSWER -All the other ANSWER s are correct
On a worldwide basis over the past fifty years, which of the following statements is correct? - ANSWER -The population in absolute poverty has decreased and wealth inequality has increased To avoid pursuing an unsustainable path it is necessary to measure appropriately. Currently the most widely used measure is ______ growth whereas it would be more productive to use an aggregate indicator reflecting ______. - ANSWER -GDP and per- capita GDP; quality of life and human well-being One major difference between the currently accepted definition of sustainable development and previous views, such as those of Rachel Carson, Donella and Dennis Meadows, and James Lovelock is that: - ANSWER -Those authors regarded limits to our resource base as absolute and currently it is accepted that those limits should be regarded as relative Pickett and Wilkinson use the following measures to compare respectively inequality in different countries and inequality in the states of the United States. - ANSWER -The ratio of the income received by the top to the bottom twenty percent and the Gini coefficient Pickett and Wilkinson use the following social indicators to understand the social effects of inequality in Western countries and in the U.S. states: - ANSWER -They use all the social indicators mentioned in the other ANSWER s
Acemoglu and Robinson provide three examples of extractive economic institutions in the first pages of the reading (i.e., the first pages of chapter 3 of Why Nations Fail). They are: - ANSWER -North Korea since 1947, Barbados under British rule, and colonial Latin America Acemoglu and Robinson state that: - ANSWER -the politics of the vast majority of societies throughout history has led (and still leads today) to extractive institutions that hamper economic growth The first section in the course book's Chapter 5 covers the origins of the modern corporation's ownership structure, which can be traced back to: - ANSWER -The early 1600s and the founding of the VOC in the Netherlands In the course book's Chapter 5 the authors provide three structural evolutions in the organization to explain the immense power they currently enjoy. One such structural evolution is: - ANSWER -All the other ANSWER s state a reason mentioned to explain organizations' current power The Introduction to Part II of the course's book mentions the following: - ANSWER -All the other ANSWER s are mentioned in the introduction to Part II In the third section of the course book's Chapter 5 the authors give three reasons for companies to be "irresistibly drawn toward the wrong form of economizing even now when it is quite evident that this strategy cannot be sustained." On such reason is: -
ANSWER -All the other ANSWER s state a reason mentioned to explain the statement above Adam Smith was a(n) ________ and 17 years before publishing the Wealth of Nations in 1776 he had published the Theory of Moral Sentiments, in which he stated that _____________. - ANSWER - moral philosopher; self-interest has to be pursued by people of conscience, informed by their capacity for moral awareness Which of the following sentences is correct for most human decision-makers, according to prospect theory? - ANSWER -None of the other ANSWER s is correct The statement "organisms that treat threats as more urgent than opportunities have a better chance to survive and reproduce" is an example of _______: - ANSWER -loss aversion According to Kahneman, more often than not _________ - ANSWER -people are risk-averse when all the options are good and risk-seeking when all their options are bad Which of the following sentences expresses the spirit of the endowment effect? - ANSWER -Given a price, willingness to buy or sell a good will depend on whether the person owns the good or not Prospect theory's endowment effect states that: - ANSWER - Owning a good appears to increase its value unless it is held for trade
According to McDonough and Braungart material flows on the planet can be divided into two categories, _________ which are useful to __________, and ____________, which are useful to __________. - ANSWER -biological nutrients; the biosphere; technical nutrients; industrial processes Archie Carroll proposed possible corporate social responsibility responses in 1979. They were: - ANSWER -Avoiding engagement with stakeholders; acting defensively towards stakeholders; trying to accommodate stakeholder needs; or proactively engaging with stakeholders In the concluding section of the book's Chapter 6 the authors give three tenets that form the foundation of the CSR and sustainability vision informing the whole book. One of them is: - ANSWER -Each of the other ANSWER s states one of the three tenets mentioned in the book Archie Carroll identified four categories of social responsibilities for the firm and classified them according to desirability. They are: - ANSWER -Economic, legal, ethical, philanthropic; with the first two being required, the ethical responsibility being expected, and the philanthropic being discretionary or desired One reason mentioned in the beginning of the course book's Chapter 6 for the need to add measures of company responsibility together with profit (such as social and environmental measures) is: - ANSWER -Externalities that may cause economic transactions to have both positive and negative impact on parties not participating in the transactions
Stakeholder theory asserts that: - ANSWER -The boundaries of an organization's responsibilities should include parties that are involved in economic transactions as well as parties that are indirectly affected by them According to the authors of the course book, ________ - ANSWER - Producing (and spending on) sustainable goods and services has a greater positive impact than philanthropy Regarding natural resources and sinks, Ray Anderson's two paradigms state respectively that: - ANSWER -All the other ANSWER s state what Ray Anderson's two paradigms respectively say about natural resources and sinks The process of building a sustainable organization should: - ANSWER -Begin with the acceptance of a new paradigm, followed by principles and values expressed through mission and vision statements, which are directly reflected in the company strategy and in its activities and processes, leading to a culture that provides a positive feedback loop Which of the following sentences summarizes the essence of a sustainable organization? - ANSWER -All the other ANSWER s summarize the essence of a sustainable organization The following is an example of a process appropriate for a sustainable business - ANSWER -Each of the other ANSWER s states an example of sustainable business processes About time frame and the role of the market, Ray Anderson's two paradigms respectively say: - ANSWER -Relevant time frames
