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EDKP 330 Midterm 2 Exam
Study Guide
The Proposition of sedentary behaviors - Answer is a deeply embedded public health problem which is additional to lack of physical activity
T/F? Canada the first country to set sedentary guidelines for the public youth? - Answer True, October 2020 by 24-hour Movment Guidelines
Purposeful Exercise - Answer Planned, structured and goal-oriented physical activity. must be active ≥150mins moderate-intensity activity / wk
non-exercise time - Answer sedentary behavior, usually 0-149 mins moderate-intensity activity / wk. examples: talking on the phone, commuting, working on the computer, video games, reading a book
Sedentary Behaviour - Answer Sitting (or lying down), involving < 2 MET (metabolic equivalent)
Framework for creating public health policy using Sedentary Behaviour Research (its new) - Answer Epidemiology -> (hypothesis generation) -> Clinical -> (Efficacy/effectivness) -> translational -> public health policy making
Canadian Sedentary Behavior Giudelines (Children 5-11) - Answer should minimize the time they spend being sedentary, achieved by:
- limiting recreational screen time to NO MORE THAN 2 HRS / Day;
- limiting sedentary (motorized) transport, extended sitting and time spent indoors throught the day
what counts on being sedentary? - Answer sedentary behavior is when children are doing very little physical movment. Examples:
- sitting for long periods
- using motorized transportation (such as bus or car)
- watching television
- playing passive video games
- playing on the computer
spending less time being sedentary can help children: - Answer - maintain a healthy body weight
- do better in school
- improve their self-confidence
- improve their fitness
- have more time to learn new skills
Accelerometers - Answer -objective measurement for reserch
- small, lightweight, unobtrusive
- record the time, duration, frequency and intensity of movment in one-minute epochs
accelerometers are usually placed where on the body? - Answer - thigh
-ankle
sedentary time in the US population (NHANES) - Answer typically females are more sedentary than males and the older you ger the more sedentary you get
how adult's overall daily behavior patterns typucally between physically active and sedentary time - Answer - moderate to vigorous activities: 0.7 hrs/day
- light intesnsity activities: 6.5 hrs/day
- sedentary time: 9.3 hrs/day
television viewing time is ____ and sedentary hours are ____ - Answer increasing; increasing
New Paradigm - Answer reducing sedentary activity
the second screen is booming as ____ often or always use devices while watching TV - Answer 45% ; watching another screen while watching TV
MEN: TV time and physical activity - Answer related to obesity, ___ place to be:
worst: high TV watcher/ minimal physical activity
best: low TV watching / high hrs of Physical Activity/wk
WOMEN: TV time and physical activity - Answer NOTE:
- 3x the likelihood for obesity
related to obesity, ___ place to be:
worst: high TV watcher/ minimal physical activity
best: low TV watching / high hrs of Physical Activity/wk
TV viewing time = increased/decreased all caused mortality - Answer increased
physicians/nurses, home services
Indirect conomic cost of cancer - Answer changes in health related quality of life, loss of productivity due to health and disease, loss of job, lack of care for child due to disease
why is cancer expensive? - Answer dfferent cancers have different health effects (long-term treatment v quick fatality)
what is the estimated cost of cancer? - Answer $228.1 billion (USD)
what are other factors that affect the cost of cancer? - Answer age, country
why does age affect cancer cost? - Answer cancers that occur later in life cost less than those in younger people because of disease surveillance
Economic, health and social burden of cancer is significant - Answer need disease surveillance
Incidence and Prevalence - Answer look at image
incidence - Answer help distinguish new cases of cancer
prevalence - Answer distinguish from existing cases
what would happen if old and new cancer cases are incorrectly presumed? - Answer we would incorrectly assume that cancer is an increasing problem is simply because more people are living longer with cancer
more people are living longer with cancer means - Answer increasing prevalence
T/F? all cancers follow the same process of multistage model of carcinogenesis - Answer T; even though cancer may have various etiologies, the process of normal cells changing to cancerous cells are common to all cancers
Development of cancer - stage 1: - Answer initiation:
genetic mutation, a spontaneous change, or external cause
Development of cancer - stage 2: - Answer Promotion:
some converted cells become pre-cancerous by more genetic alterations
Development of cancer - stage 3: - Answer Progression
proliferating pre-cancerous cells become full invasive tumors
uncontrolled cellular proliferation - Answer extra cells form a mass of tissue (growth or tumor)
define benign tumor - Answer An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.
define malignant tumor - Answer A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs.
how many cancer groups are there? - Answer at least 30 different types of cancer
define carcinoma - Answer skin or tissue that line internal organs
define sarcoma - Answer muscle, cognitive tissue, fat and bone
define lymphoma - Answer cancer of the lymphatic system
Define leukemia - Answer blood forming tissue (bone marrow)
Modifiable risk factors - Answer risk factors that can be controlled or changed (physical activity)
examples of modifiable risk factors: - Answer - physical inactivity
- obesity
- tobacco use
- poor nutrient intake
- sun exposure
what type of relationship does colon cancer and physical activity have? - Answer Colon cancer and physical activity have a dose-response relationship
Define dose response - Answer level of physical activity increases, cancer risk decreases
People who are most physically active have _____% lower risk of developing colon cancer (Wolin 2009) - Answer 24 ; Higher level (dose) of regular physical activity = lower risk of colon cancer
1 in ______ women will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime (3) - Answer 8 ; Physically active women are 25% to 30% less likely to develop breast cancer
List the benefits of physical activity - Answer - increases energy levels
- releases stress
- decreases anxiety and depression
- controls weight
- better physical functioning
- reduces fatigue
- improves self esteem
Most of the contributions of kinesiology to our understanding of cancer mechanisms come from ________ - Answer exercise phisology
List potential mechanisms that physical activity helps reduce cancer risk: - Answer - avoidance of weight gain or loss
- reduced insulin resistance
- improved immune function
- lower systemic low-grade inflammation
- lower colon transit time
- lower production of sex hormones
______ _______ people living with or had survived cancer in 2009 and what happened to these people? - Answer ~12 million ; these 12 million individuals all had reported negative effects on the body
what negative effects does Chemotherapy, radiation, surgery & hormone therapy have on the body? - Answer Fatigue, lymphedema (fluid retention due to radiation), cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, quality of life, self-esteem & safety
Speck (2010) research paper - Answer - found that breast cancer is most frequently examined for benefits of physical activity
- paper found out that physical activity may not be the cure all for other types of cancer
where is most of the cancer research coming from? - Answer breast and colon cancer
Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (USDHHS, PAGAC 2018) - Answer Strong scientific evidence of an INVERSE relationship between participation in PA & exercise and the risk of breast & colon cancer
2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee concluded - Answer in addition to colon and breast cancer regular/vigorous - intensity physical activity reduces the risk of developing the following cancers:
- Bladder
- Endometrium
- Esophagus
- Kidney
- Stomach
what is the idea behind school based physical activity programs - Answer to teach kids to get active and healthy and prevent and control obesity and diabetes
what organization set guidelines for children and adolescents - Answer National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE)
What is the average amount of active minutes children get from schools? - Answer 120 minutes / week
(according to lecture) can 120 mins/week be enough to "cure" obesity? - Answer No, 120 minutes isn't enough, but with healthy diet, lifestyle and about 300 minutes MVPA per week is better
significance of Barrett, 2014 paper - Answer first paper written in Canada discussing The Conceptual Act Theory which is creating emotional experiences, and emotion perceptions during a process that can be called both cognitive and perceptual
Barrett, 2014 paper addressed - Answer Child and youth inactivity continues to be a growing concern in Canada
T/F: Child and youth inactivity continues to be a growing concern in Canada, and why? - Answer T: this is the first generation of children to live shorter lives than their parent
low physical activity levels can be blamed on: - Answer - changes in lifestyle
- school policies
- the communities in which we live in
Physical activity guidelines developed by CSEP (1995) for what age groups? - Answer Children (4-11); Youth (12-17); Adults (18-64); Older Adults (65+)
most recent guidelines recommend _____ minutes of _____________ physical activity
daily, for ________ and ________ - Answer 60 + minutes; moderate to vigorous intensity; children (5-11 yrs) and youth (12-17 yrs)
T/F: activity during PE class in school is enough to meet national guidelines for daily physical activity? - Answer F; its not enough
What is No Child Left Behind? - Answer No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is part of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, a re-authorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). NCLB sets high standards and accountability for student achievement to make sure that all children are caught up to 21st century learning.
No Child Left Behind and other academic balancing / initiatives budget cuts / myths / stereotypes are taking time away from - Answer physical/health education and free play time for children (recess)
why is it a problem that students are no longer walking distance from schools? - Answer an effect of the built environment; Students will miss out on physical activity and social interaction that comes with walking to school with friends
why are there limits to after school sports and other physical activities in/out of school? - Answer Parents fear for their children's safety and limit within school physical activity participation
what are the youth encourages to do? - Answer Encouraged to engage in PA before, during and after class including active transportation, sports and more
examples of leisure and recreational activities for children - Answer - Play with toys
- playground/parks (monkey bars, tag, run around etc)
- Ride a bike
Schools and educators can target inactivity through - Answer school-based curricular, intramural, and interscholastic programs
promotes: enjoyable activities and teaching movement skills
Only 3 provinces in Canada certify elementary-school PHE specialists: - Answer Quebec, PEI & Nova Scotia
Professional marginalization due to _______ initiatives that do not take into account full purpose of PHE - Answer top-down; a schema created through a series of successive refinements, starting with the first schema.
why is it a challenge to perform youth physical fitness assessments? - Answer Challenging to perform fitness testing for hundreds of kids thorough the school
Physical activity and exercise are positively associated with - Answer Body composition,
Cardio-respiratory health,
Metabolism,
Bone health
T/F: there is a dose-response shown for adolescents participating in physical activity - Answer F; no dose response
Start physical activity at least by early teen years to - Answer maximize physiological benefits
Current thinking still emphasizes the importance of PA from __________ - Answer infancy
fact or myth: we know that people who were physically active as kids will be active as adults - Answer myth! we do not know if physically active children will continue staying that state though adolescence and adulthood
Why is the 1997 surgeon general comment so important? - Answer In the 60s, they found that smoking, sedentarism were bad behaviors to maintain and that there's a way to
keep people alive for longer by changing behaviors. publishing this caused a cascading effect, changing peoples ways
The development of physical activity programs is highly dependent on - Answer child's stage of development and growth (maturation)
through physical activity, youth can improve on - Answer - Aerobic capacity
- Mental health symptoms
- Bone health
- Strength: Better/ more efficient muscle fiber recruitment
different PA approaches are needed depending on: - Answer age, sex, developmental stage
quality of physical education take into account developmental factors and diversity when designing annual unit lesson plans - Answer
Canadian perspective of influences of diversity factors according to Kentel and Casey (2014) - Answer • Race
- Socio -Economic Status **- Immigrants/Refugees
- Gender
- Sexual Orientation
- Religion
- Dis/Abilities
- Bodies and Body Image**
what do sports, from youth PA stand point, help with? - Answer sports helps with motor skill development. fine tuning ballistic and locomotor skills.
vigorous intensity aerobic activities _____ days/week for school guidelines. - Answer 3+
muscle strengthening _______ days/week for school guidelines. - Answer 2-
Bone strengthening _______days/week for school guidelines. - Answer 2-
What is BMI? - Answer Body Mass Index; a measure of body weight relative to height
How to calculate BMI Metric: - Answer BMI = weight (kg) / height (m^2)
how to calculate BMI imperial: - Answer BMI = weight (lbs x 703) / height (in^2)
What is the ponderal index? - Answer measurement of the leanness of a body ; comparable to BMI but gives more fair comparison between individual
when doesn't BMI work on people? - Answer on high performance athletes
BMI less than 5th % for age and sex - Answer underweight
BMI between 5th% and 85th% for age and sex - Answer healthy
BMI between 85th% and 95th% for age and sex - Answer overweight
BMI greater than 95th % for age and sex - Answer obese
on average males or females have greater body fat percentages - Answer female gender
define overweight - Answer indicates too much body weight for a given height and frame
define obese - Answer refers to overfat level that brings with an increased risk of serous and fatal diseases
epidemiological cases depend on _______________ and _____________ - Answer frequency (injury, disease, cause of death) ; incident (period of time, health status change)
What is a rate in Epidemiology? - Answer (Number of events, cases or deaths)/ (population of interest) across some period of time
medically attended injuries of children ages younger than 12 y/o - Answer 80 per 1000 kids or 8%
medically attended injuries of children ages 12-17 - Answer 119 per 1000 kids or 12%
____ million Canadians are obese - Answer 11 million ; about 29% of the population
how do we define/determine optimal body weight? - Answer a weight optimal for health, appearance and peak performance
lean tissue: - Answer muscle, bone, connective tissue, organs
fat tissue: - Answer subcutaneous and internal (android obesity)
what are the lab methods for determining body composition? - Answer underwater weighing, bioelectric impedance, ultrasound, x-ray, MRI, CT scan, dexa scan
NOTE: Most Field Methods for assessing body composition have a margin of error of _______ - Answer +/- 4%
what is waist/hip ratio? - Answer Related to android (upper body) obesity and internal body fat. helps determine chance of diabetes
American Heart Association waist/hip ratio for MALES: - Answer less than 1.
American Heart Association waist/hip ratio for FEMALES: - Answer less than 0.
what does it mean for a male to have "beer belly" - Answer stomach circumference larger than waist
define Android obesity: - Answer upper body obesity, usually found in males (considered beer belly)
define gynoid obesity - Answer lower body obesity, usually in females
what is visceral fat? - Answer Fat stored within the abdominal cavity, considered dangerous/lethal
Define Subcutaneous fat - Answer body fat stored over the muscle and under the skin (can pinch) non lethal
cellulite - Answer local uneven surface of the skin and is a sign of subcutaneous fat deposition
What is the relation between health problems and obesity? - Answer according to the slides: obesity is the source for many issues including cancer, diabetes, high cholesterol, and social, phycological, and financial problems.
when the risk of having metabolic syndrome increases, levels of self reported physical activity decreases. what are the confounding variables: - Answer fit people are more likely to eat better foods, stop smoking and are overall less stressed
the paradox of dieting - Answer the number of dollars spent on diets/diet products just keep increasing ; from 14.1 billion $ in 2003 to 50 billion last yr
what weight loss products should we be wary about? - Answer - any "weight loss skin patch"
- products containing ephedra, ephedrine and Ma Huang
- diet teas
- chemicals including chomium picolinate, hydroxcitrate (HCA), gamma linolenic acid, glucomannan, LCarnitine, guar gum, LTaurine, lipotropics (fat emulsifiers), octacosanol, or ox bile extracts
- fiber tablets, bee pollen, laxitives
- electrical stimulators or body toners
why should we not trust the dieting industry - Answer a "normal" or healthy body is not one to alter unnaturally (my personal touch)
Positive energy balance: caloric consumption greater than caloric expenditure = - Answer weight gain
Negative energy balance: Caloric consumption less than caloric expenditure = - Answer weight loss
Neutral energy balance: Caloric consumption equals caloric expenditure = - Answer no weight change
What are the most plausible factors explaining the development of obesity? - Answer literally everything
