Download Sports Psychology Study Guide: Goal Setting, Imagery, and Mental Skills Training and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
EDKP 498 - Final Exam Material (Post
Midterm) Study Guide
3 Types of Goal Setting - Answer 1. Process Goals (best): focus on specific behaviours that an athlete must engage in throughout the performance "keep your head up while carrying the puck"
- Performance Goals: Focus on improving and attaining personal performance standards "improvgn save percentage each game"
- Focus on social comparison and competitive results "win a game" SMART(ER) Principles - Answer Specific, Measureable, Adjustable, Realistic, Timely, Evaluate, Rewards Performance Profiling Steps - Answer 1. Identify key performance chaarcterisitics
- Identify ideal rating for each characteristic (1-10)
- Rate current ability for each characteristic (1-10)
- Subtract current rating from ideal
- Prioritize performance weaknesses and determine which is in need of most attention Common Problems with Goal Setting - Answer - setting too many goals
- athletes do not "buy into it"
- failure to recognie individual differences
- underestimating the time required for effective goal setting programs
- failure to provide athletes with follow-up Define Self-Talk What are the 2 types? - Answer - verbalizations or statments addressed to the self, multidimensional in nature, and have interpretive elements associated with their context
- Intructional Self Talk
- Motivational Self Talk Instructional Self Talk - Answer Used for:
- skill development
- skill execution
- strategy development
- general performance improvement
- breaking a bad habit Motivational Self Talk (3 purposes) - Answer 1. Mastery - eg. building self confidence
- Arousal - eg. relaxing before competition
- Drive - eg. increasing effort Task Matching Hypothesis - Answer Instructional Statements: high skill, timing, and precision Motivational Statements: muscular strength + endurance 6 Dimensions of Self Talk - Answer valence - positive of negative verbalization - overt or covert self-determination - assigned or freely chosen directional interpretation - motivating or demotivating directional intensity - not at all motivating or very much so motivating frequency - often or never History of Imagery (Who, when?) - Answer Edmund Jacobson (1931) He imagined his arm moving and found that the neurons were firing even though his arm wasn't moving What is imagery? - Answer - a form of simulation that involves recalling from memory pieces of information stored from experience and shaping those pieces into meaningful images
- involves all senses: visual, kinesthetic (feel your body), auditory, tactile, olfactory
- more complicated than visualization because it involves all the senses How imagery works:
- Psychoneuromuscular Theory
- Symbolic Learning Theory
- Psychological Skill Hypothesis
- Bioinformational Theory
- Triple Code Model - Answer 1. Psychoneuromuscular Theory: progamming your
- positive focus
- videotpes and audiotapes
- image execution and outcome
- image in real time The PETTLEP Model - Answer - Physical
- Environment
- Task
- Timing
- Learning (learning the skill or mastering it)
- Emotion
- Perspective (internal vs external) Imagery Assessment Tools (Abilty AND Frequency) - Answer Ability:
- Movement Imagery Questionnaire: Assesses individual's visual and kinesthetic imagery ability
- Vividness of Movement Questionnaire: Assesses the vividness of visual imagery ability Frequency:
- Test of Psychological Skills
- Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool
- Sport Imagery Questionnaire: assesses often athletes use the five function of imagery in sport Psychological Skills Training (PST) - Answer the systematic and consistent practice of mental or psychological skills for the purpose of enhancing performance, increasing enjoyment, or achieving greater self-satisfaction 7 reasons why athletes neglect PST. - Answer 1. Lack of knowledge (don't know how to teach or practice PST skills)
- Nature vs Nurture (misconception that people are born with mental skills, rather than made)
- Lack of time (there should ALWAYS be time)
- PST is not useful
- PST is for elite training only
- PST provides "quick fix" solutions (takes time, practice, commitment)
- PST is only for "problem" athletes (the best of the best still need psychological training) Steps of PST Program - Answer 1. Education (convey importance of PST)
- Acquisition (strategies and techniques for learning skills)
- Practice (over-learn/automate skills; intgrate skills into performance; simulate situations where skills will be used) Evaluation (ongoing throughout program) Self-Regulation - Answer athlete should be able to regulate and self-monitor own emotional state 7 Characteristics of Effective Consultants - Answer 1. Only make small number of suggestions
- Recognize that at times doing nothing is the best intervention
- Anticipating adherence problems and taking stpes to promote adherence
- Having a total commitment to the process
- Sport psychologists cannot handle every situation
- Developing mutual trust and respect with coaches and athletes
- The consultant's role changes over time Consulting in olympic figure skating - Answer 1. Synchronicity: maving together or in unison
- Self-Control: avoid amorous relations and signals
- Connectedness/kindness: show kindness on a daily basis
- Verbal communication: equal amounts, on and off ice
- Non-verbal communication: posutr, gestures, facial expressions, voice characteristics, and spatial distance
- Personal Preparation: Leave any personal problems at the door before enterring the ice
- Nutrition: everything you eat impacts your feelings about yourslef and your
Self-Efficacy Theory 6 things - Answer An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. (Situation specific)
- Vicarious Experiences: seeing others do moves helps learn new skills
- Performance Accomplishments: If experiences are generally successul, they will raise level of self-efficacy
- Verbal Persuasion: Telling player or student that you believe in him/her
- Imaginal Experiences: Imagine yourself performing well
- Physiological States: When people associate aversive physiological arousal with poor performance, perceived imcompetence, and perceived failure; however, if physiological arousal is seen as facilitative, self-efficacy will be improved
- Emotional States: Positive emotional states are more likely to anhance efficiacy judgements than negative emotional states Coaching efficacy 4 areas - Answer the extent to which coaches believe they have the capacity to affect the learning and performance of athletes
- Game strategy: ability to coach during competition
- Motivation: ability to affect the psychological skills and states of athletes
- Technique: Confidence of instructional and diagnostic skills
- Character: ability to influence a positive attitude toward sport collective efficacy - Answer - refers to a belief or perception shared by members of the team regarding the capabilities of their teammates
- coaches should be concerned with building team efficacy rather than individual player self-efficacy Coaching expectations 4 steps - Answer Step 1. Coaches form Expectations
- Person cues: sometime inappropriate expectations based on race, physical size, gender, or socioeconomic status Step 2. Coaches' Expectations Influence their behaviour
- frequency and quality of coach-athlete interaction (eg. more time spend on 'high-expectation' athletes)
- quantity and quality of instruction (eg. lowers expectation for some athletes)
- type and frequency of feedback (eg. more reinforcement/praise given to high-expectation athletes) Step 3. Coaches' behaviours affect athletes' performance
- low-expectation athletes exhibit poorer performances because they receive less effective reinforcement and get less playing time Step 4. Athletes' performance confirm coaches' expectations Building Self-Confidence - Answer -Focus on accomplishments -Act confident -Think confidently -Use imagery -Use goal mapping -Optimize physical condition and training -Preparation Fostering Social Climate (2 types of climate) - Answer Ego Climate: (BAD) Coach defines success based on performance objectives; monitoring success based on performance of others (norm referencing
Mastery Climate: (GOOD) Coaches define success in terms of self-improvement, tak mastery, and exhibiting maximal effort and enjoyment
2 Techniques to recuce doping prevelence - Answer 1. Biological Passport:
- baseline hormone levels
- monitored before competition to detect significant changes
- Randomized drug testing
- Weightlifting 3.0 %
- Boxing 2.9 %
- Triathlon 2.7 %
- Baseball 2.5 %
Message framing effects - Answer Detection behaviours
- loss-framed messages > gain-framed messages
- significant effects for breast cancer detection
Prevention Behaviours
- gain-fromed messages > loss-framed messages
- significant effects on dental hygiene, skin cancer preventions, smoking cessation, physical activity
- Avoiding doping is a prevention behaviour, thereofre gain-framed is better!!!!
Effective education interventions should...? - Answer - target youth at the age when attitudes and values are being formed
- be tailored to unique characteristics (eg. risk factors, developmental stage)
- be interactive (eg. role playing)
- be deried from social-influence approaches (communication and refusal skills)
- be monitored and delievered with high degrees of fidelity
ATLAS and ATHENA - Answer Athletes training and learning to avoid steroids
Athletes targeting healthy exercise and nutrition alternatives
objective of youth sport
3 P's - Answer 1. Participation
Participation provides opportunities to be physically active to enhance health
- Personal Development
Important for personal development providing opportunities to learn life skills (ie. co-operation, discipline, self-control, etc.)
- Performance
Critical for performance of motor skills
Developmental Assets (PYD) - Answer To develop youth that will continue to contribute to the community and interact in positive and effective manners
External Assets: positive experiences that results from the community or environment (eg. support and empowerment)
Internal Assets: positive experinces that result from internalized skills and competecies (eg. motivation to learn, values, identity)
4 C's of PYD - Answer Competence: positive view of one's actions in domain specific areas including social, cognitive, and vocational
Character: Respect for societal and cultural rules, possession of standards for correct behaviours, sense of right/wrong (morality), and integrity; sense of sympathy and empathy for others
pressure from parents/coaches; dropout; burnout
Social Influence: The Role of Coaches - Answer - influence competence beliefs, shape youth's performance, participation and personal development
- help develop motor skills
- facilitates development of personal and social skills
Social Influence: The Role of Peers and Siblings
Positive influences Negative Influences
True Competition Decompetition - Answer Positive Influences:
- enhance performance, participation, and personal development
- increases sense of belonging, self-esteem, competence, and intrinsic motivation
- facilitates development of personal and social skills
Negative Influences:
- may detrimentlly affect relationship dynamics
- interactions may emphasize athlete's poor performance, engage in awkward competition, showing off, and demonstrating rivalry
True competition: understand competition serves interest of all participants to focus and concentrate towards goal
Decompetition: occurs when athletes seek to demonstrate superiority over opponents and only serves interests of winners
Social Influence: The Role of Parents
(3 types) - Answer 1. Under-involved parents
- Moderately-involved parents (best)
- Over-involved parents
4 categories of needs for young children (types of support) - Answer 1. Emotional support: comforting gestures or guidance in problematic situations
- Informational support: provision of advice or guidance in problematic situations
- Tangible support: concrete assistance given to children in stressful situations
- Companionship: casual relationship that enables an individual to engage in a variety of different activities
Positive/negative parental impacts - Answer Positives:
- parents' participation
- encouragement
- take goal orientation
- disciplining their child for misbehaving in practices
- being good fair-play role models
Negatives:
- outcome-based love/attention
- coaching child from sidelines (contradicting coach)
- encouraging cheating
- saying negative things to opposing players
- Critical thinking
3 Streams of National Coaching Certification Program - Answer Stream 1: Community Sport
- Coaches typically become involved on a voluntary (and often short-term) bases because their children participate in a sport; they tend to work with participants of all ages who are new to the sport
Stream 2: Competition
- Coaches usually have prevous coaching experience or are former athletes in teh sport; tend to work with athletes over a long term to improve performance, often in prepatation for provincial, national, and international competitions
Stream 3: Instruction
- Coaches must have sport-specific skills and training, whether coaching at the beginner or advanced skill levels; many are former participants in the sport
3 Components of Effective Coaching - Answer Coaches' Knowledge
- Professional (sport specific) knowledge: techinical, tactical, pedagogical, psychological, nutritional, etc.
- Interpersonal knowledge: individual and group interactions with stakeholders; develop their communication skills; different types of athletes require different forms of communication
- Intrapersonal knowledge: understanding of oneself and ability for introspection and reflection
Athlete Outcomes
- Competence
- Confidence
- Connection
- Character
Coaching Context
- Participation coaching: less intensively engaged, objectives characterized by short term goals, enjoyment, and health-related outcomes
- Performance coaching: intensive commitment to preparation for competition, planned attempt to influence performance, high degree of specificity in program
Mediated Model of Leadership - Answer Athletes' perceptions and recollecions of their coaches' behaviours mediates their attitudes towards the coach and their experiences in sport
Coach leadership cosists of coach behaviours, players' perceptions and recollections of those behaviours, and players evaluative reactions; these are influenced by:
- Situational factors (sport, practices, competition level, tram record)
- Coaches characteristics (goals, motivations, intentions, norms, self-monitoring)
- Player individual differences (age, self-esteem, perceptions of coaching norms and bahaviours)
Coaching behaviour assessment (CBAS) - Answer Observationv tool designed to measure choaches' leadership behaviour
- Measures meaningful coachin behaviour from an observer, the athlete, and the coach
- The 12 categories cover a large amount of information
- BUT, lacks verbal vs. nonverbal responses, magnitude of reinforcement, quality, and duration
Implementation of Coach Effectiveness Training (CET) intervention program - Answer CET workshops cover 5 goals:
- create a healthy, enjoybale climate focused on mastering skills
- utilize a positive approach to coaching
- establish normas that emphasize athletes' obligations to help/support one another
Peripheral Components:
- Coach's characteristics
- Athlete's characteristics
- Contextual Factors
The Coaching Model
Organization (7 organizational tasks of team sport coaching) - Answer Applying one's own knowledge towards establishing optimal conditions for training and competition by structing and coordinating gthe tasks involved in reaching the goal
7 organizational tasks of team sport coaching:
- Creating a vision
- Establishing a seasonal plan
- Selecting a team
- Setting goals
- Developing team cohesion
- Working with support staff
- Attending to administrative matters
The Coaching Model
Training (5 types) - Answer Think of vancouver town (PITTMeadows)
Physical Training
- push athletes to the limit
- design seperate programs to meet the needs of each athlete
- before tactile or technical training, physical training must be complete
Intervention Style
- authoritarian vs. authoritative
- "this is the way it is" vs. "everyone gets a say"
Technical Training
- learning the proper techniques or skills of a sport, and having drills to carry out these tasks
- the 'teacher' part of the equation
Tactical Training
- plays and strategies designed to outsmart opponents
- importance fo simulation, including getting athletes accustomed to temperature, fans, living conditions
Mental Training
- received increased attention over the last few years
- most top coaches include it in their team's training
The Coaching Model
Competition
(pre, during, post) - Answer Pre-Competition:
- coaches must take time to mentally prepare and rehearse for the game
