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Electrical circuit and device, Schemes and Mind Maps of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

University of Liberal ArtsElectrical and Electronics Engineering

Electrical circuit and device course

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

2024/2025

Uploaded on 11/11/2025

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Name: Isha Rahman
ID: 251014056
Course Code: EEE 1102
Course Title: Electrical Circuit I Lab
Experiment No: 02
Experiment Name: Study of Equivalent Resistance
OBJECTIVE:
To determine and verify the equivalent resistance of resistor networks using Ohm’s Law.
THEORY:
Equivalent resistance is the effective resistance offered by a combination of resistors in a circuit. It
represents the single resistance value that can replace all individual resistors without altering the
total current or voltage of the circuit.
When resistors are connected in series, the same current flows through each resistor, and the total
opposition to current flow increases as more resistors are added. The voltage across the entire
combination equals the sum of the individual voltage drops.
Req=R1+R2+R3+…
In parallel connection, each resistor is connected across the same voltage source, and the total
current divides among the different branches. As a result, the overall resistance of the circuit
decreases with each additional parallel branch.
By applying Ohm’s Law (which relates voltage, current, and resistance), the equivalent resistance of
both series and parallel combinations can be calculated and compared with experimental results.
This helps in understanding current distribution and voltage behavior in electrical networks.
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Name: Isha Rahman

ID: 251014056

Course Code: EEE 1102

Course Title: Electrical Circuit I Lab

Experiment No: 02

Experiment Name: Study of Equivalent Resistance

OBJECTIVE:

To determine and verify the equivalent resistance of resistor networks using Ohm’s Law. THEORY: Equivalent resistance is the effective resistance offered by a combination of resistors in a circuit. It represents the single resistance value that can replace all individual resistors without altering the total current or voltage of the circuit. When resistors are connected in series, the same current flows through each resistor, and the total opposition to current flow increases as more resistors are added. The voltage across the entire combination equals the sum of the individual voltage drops.

Req = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 +…

In parallel connection, each resistor is connected across the same voltage source, and the total current divides among the different branches. As a result, the overall resistance of the circuit decreases with each additional parallel branch. By applying Ohm’s Law (which relates voltage, current, and resistance), the equivalent resistance of both series and parallel combinations can be calculated and compared with experimental results. This helps in understanding current distribution and voltage behavior in electrical networks.

APPARATUS:

➢ Resistances ➢ Multimeter ➢ Ammeter ➢ DC power supply ➢ Wires ➢ Bread Board PROCEDURE: Series Combination: 1.Connect the resistors end-to-end on the breadboard to form the series network. Figure 1: Series Combination

  1. Insert an ammeter (or set multimeter to measure current) in series with the network and connect the voltmeter across the entire combination.
  2. Close the circuit and apply a suitable small DC voltage (so resistors and instruments remain within rating).
  3. Record the supply voltage (V) and the circuit current (I). Repeat measurement three times. Parallel Combination:

Parallel Combination: No of Obs. VS Volts

I

(mA)

I 1

(mA)

I 2

(mA)

I 3

(mA) KOhms 1 2.99 2.75 1.45 0.80 0.61 1 2 7.03 7.22 3.57 2.08 1.47 1 3 10.06 10.32 5.14 2.99 2.10 1 No of Obs.

VS

Volts

RP

KOhms

I

(mA)

V

Volts 1 3.01 0.99 2.58 3. 2 7.02 0.99 6.67 7. 3 10.05 0.99 9.35 10. Calculation:

R 1 = 1.93 KOhms

R 2 = 3.31 KOhms

R 3 = 4.57 KOhms

RS = (1.93+3.31+4.57)

= 9. RP = 0. RS = V/I = 2.95/0. =10. RP = 0. RP= V/I = 3.01/2.

= 1.167 KOhm CAUTIONS:

  1. Always switch off the power supply before making or changing circuit connections.
  2. Check all connections carefully to avoid short circuits or wrong configurations.
  3. Do not exceed the rated voltage of the resistors to prevent overheating or damage.
  4. Use proper ranges on the voltmeter and ammeter to ensure accurate readings.
  5. Tighten all connections properly to minimize contact resistance.
  6. Avoid touching live wires or terminals while the circuit is powered.
  7. Keep the breadboard or connection area dry and clean to prevent leakage currents.
  8. Note down readings quickly to avoid instrument drift or heating effects on resistors.
  9. Ensure the polarity of meters is correct before switching on the supply.
  10. After completing the experiment, disconnect the circuit and turn off all instruments properly. Discussion : In this experiment, the objective was to study the equivalent resistance of two or more resistors connected in series and parallel and to verify the results theoretically and experimentally. The results obtained from the experiment were consistent with Ohm’s law and the theoretical formulas for equivalent resistance. For resistors connected in series, the equivalent resistance was found to be approximately equal to the sum of individual resistances (R_eq = R₁ + R₂ + R₃ …). The experimental readings showed a small deviation (typically within 5%) from the theoretical values, which can be attributed to measurement errors, contact resistance, or instrumental inaccuracies in the ammeter and voltmeter. In the parallel connection, the equivalent resistance was found to be less than any of the individual resistors, confirming the theoretical relationship 1/R_eq = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ …. The experimental results followed this trend closely. The observed differences between calculated and measured resistances were likely caused by internal resistance of the connecting wires and loose connections in the circuit board. Overall, the experiment successfully verified the theoretical laws governing equivalent resistance. The small experimental discrepancies highlight the importance of precision in measurements and proper connection techniques in electrical circuits. REFERENCES:
  11. Electronics‑Tutorials — Resistors in Series and Parallel
  12. TutorialsPoint — How to Calculate Equivalent Resistance (Series & Parallel Circuit Examples)